Difference between revisions of "Præta"
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Revision as of 05:37, 11 March 2018
Præta, formally known as iâ Sziroþs Prætâ / jə ˈʃi.roθs ˈpræ.tə / ("the Shirerithian Speech"), is the official language of Shireroth. Standard Præta, also known as Kaïsars Prætâ, the Kaiser's Præta, or Uiksts Prætâ, Script Præta, is the chancery standard used by the Golden Mango Throne and its ministries.
Despite being called "the Shirerithian Speech", Præta is the first language only in Brookshire, parts of Goldshire, and territories historically associated with these regions. In other parts of Shireroth, it is acquired to varying degrees of fluency through schooling.
Contents
History
Præta derives from the Brookshirese or Prætaic Language Family, specifically the prestige dialect spoken at Raynor I's court. This form of Præta, or Old Præta, bears extensive lexical influence from Khaz Modanian, the now lost language of the Empire of Khaz Modan. Old Præta was introduced to the Shirekeep region and portions of the Red Elwynn during the First Era as a result of concerted efforts to resettle the greater Shirekeep region and western Goldshire with more reliable subjects.
The usage of Old Præta drifted into diverging dialects by the end of the First Era, prompting the reassertion of a centralized standard with the onset of the Second Era, this time derived mostly from the dialect prevalent in Monty Crisco. Middle Præta succeeded in penetrating to the mouth of the Elwynn River and further into Goldshire. New Præta, or the contemporary form, was established in an archaic mode under Kaiser John II and refined under Kaiseress Viviantia I.
Orthography and Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | ⟨ M m ⟩ / m / |
⟨ N n ⟩ / n / |
|||||||
Plosive | ⟨ P p ⟩ / p / |
⟨ B b ⟩ / b / |
⟨ T t ⟩ / t / |
⟨ D d ⟩ / d / |
⟨ K k ⟩ / k / |
⟨ G g ⟩ / g / | |||
Affricate | ⟨ Tz tz ⟩ / tʃ / |
⟨ Z z ⟩ / dʒ / |
|||||||
Fricative | sibilant | ⟨ S s ß ⟩ / s / |
⟨ Sz sz ⟩ / ʃ / |
||||||
non-sibilant | ⟨ F f ⟩ / f / |
⟨ V v ⟩ / ʋ / |
⟨ Þ þ ⟩ / θ / |
⟨ Ï ï ⟩ / j / |
⟨ H h ⟩ / h / | ||||
Approximant | |||||||||
Trill | ⟨ R r ⟩ / r / |
||||||||
Lateral Fricative | ⟨ Ł ł ⟩ / ɬ / |
⟨ L l ⟩ / l / |
- ⟨ ß ⟩ is used for / s: /, derived from the archaic ⟨ ſs ⟩. It is only used when the / s: / falls entirely within a single morpheme
- e.g. ⟨ Aß ⟩ "As, ~7 1⁄4 bushels", versus ⟨ rass ⟩ "domestic", from ⟨ Ras ⟩ "House"
- ⟨ dz ⟩ common in Early New Praeta for / dʒ /, now deprecated.
- ⟨ ï ⟩ is sometimes written ⟨ i ⟩ or ⟨ ı ⟩ by nonstandard texts.
- ⟨ n ⟩ before a velar consonant is rendered as a velar nasal
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | ⟨ I i ⟩ / i / |
⟨ Î î ⟩ / ɪ̈ / |
⟨ U u ⟩ / u / |
Mid | ⟨ E e ⟩ / e / |
⟨ Â â ⟩ / ə / |
⟨ O o ⟩ / o / |
Low | ⟨ Æ æ ⟩ / æ / |
⟨ A a ⟩ / ɑ / |
- ⟨ Â â ⟩, / ə / is not found in stressed syllables.
- ⟨ Î î ⟩, / ə / is found in Early New Praeta to represent a near-close central vowel, now merged with and written ⟨ Â â ⟩.
Writing Rules
Nouns are capitalized in all instances. Words of other classes are capitalized at the beginning of a sentence.
Nominal Morphology
Præta nominals (pronouns, nouns, and adjectives) are declined, or modified in order to reflect their grammatical case, according to five cases: Vocative, Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative. They are also declined according to number (Singular and Plural). Gender also has some influence on which declension pattern is used.
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
First Person | Second Person | Reflexive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Impolite | Neutral | Polite/Plural | Reverent | ||
Nom | i | uis | ïat | þu | iks | ivus | - |
Acc | mi | si | |||||
Gen | menk | ussar | ïis | þenk | ikkar | ivar | senk |
Dat | mis | ussis | ïam | þus | ikkis | ivus | sis |
Because Præta verbs conjugate according to person and number, subject pronouns are not necessary, but may be added for emphasis. The Dative Opinion may be used to emphasize that the sentence expresses an opinion.
Præta offers a range of 2nd person pronouns that differ according to levels of politeness.
- Impolite is used for speech with those of a lower social class (though it may also be used between peers of a lower class)
- Neutral is used for speech between peers, especially those who are on familiar terms
- Polite is used for speech with those of a moderately higher social class, those who are unfamiliar, or in formal settings. Use of Polite pronouns coincides with using a person's title (or abbreviated style of address) and/or family name than a personal name.
- Reverent is used for speech with those of significantly higher social class and to deities. Use of reverent pronouns coincides with using full style of address, epithets, and avoidance of names; it also coincides with using a Reflexive pronoun to refer to oneself rather than a First Person pronoun.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Nouns
Nouns in Præta are organized into three declensions, identified according to their Genitive Singular ending.
1st Declension Gen Sg ‑is |
2nd Declension Gen Sg ‑os |
3rd Declension Gen Sg ‑in | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common | Neuter | Common | Common | Neuter | ||||||||||
"Sovereign" Kaïsar‑
|
"Herdsman" Hirz‑
|
"Might" Alf‑
|
"Cliff" Nasz‑
|
"Child" Mog‑
|
"Worm" Maþ‑
|
"Language" Prætâ‑
|
"Plain" Łat-
|
"Egg" Oï‑
| ||||||
Voc | ‑e | Kaïsare | Hirze | ‑ | Alf | Nasz | ‑ | Mog | ‑ | Maþ | Prætâ | ‑ | Łat | Oï |
Nom | ‑ | Kaïsar | Hirz | |||||||||||
Acc | ‑ân | Maþân | Prætân | |||||||||||
Gen | ‑is | Kaïsaris | Hirdis | ‑is | Alfis | Nasis | ‑os | Mogos | ‑in | Maþin | Prætin | ‑in | Łatin | Oïin |
Dat | ‑i | Kaïsari | Hirdi | ‑i | Alfi | Nasi | ‑u | Mogu | ||||||
Voc | ‑âs | Kaïsarâs | Hirdis | ‑a | Alfa | Nasza | ‑âs | Mogâs | ‑ân | Maþân | Prætân | ‑ân | Łatân | Oïin |
Nom | ||||||||||||||
Acc | ||||||||||||||
Gen | ‑eï | Kaïsareï | Hirzeï | ‑eï | Alfeï | Naszeï | ‑ou | Mogou | ‑eï | Maþeï | Præteï | ‑eï | Łateï | Oïeï |
Dat | ‑âm | Kaïsarâm | Hirdim | ‑âm | Alfâm | Nasim | ‑âm | Mogâm | ‑âm | Maþâm | Prætâm | ‑âm | Łatâm | Oïim |
- If the case ending features an ⟨ â ⟩, that is realized and written as ⟨ i ⟩
Nom Pl Hirdiz Adtis Nasis Oïis Dat Pl Hirdim Adtim Nasim Oïim
- If the case ending features an ⟨ i ⟩, the stem ending becomes unpalatalized if an unpalatalized equivalent is available.
Gen Sg Hirdis Adtis Nasis Oïis Dat Sg Hirdi Adti Nasi Oïi
Stem Prætâ‑ Łæïrâ- Nom Sg Prætâ Łæïrâ Gen Sg Prætin Łæïros
Adjectives
Case Function
Vocative Case
The Vocative is used when addressing someone directly.
- Ïaume, v' æïs ïâ Mel? — "James, have the time?"
Nominative Case
Subject
- Golletâs varþt us Baïmâm — "Mangos come from trees."
Predicate Nominative
- Aïreon boþ Kaïsar. — "Ayreon is Kaiser."
Accusative Case
Direct Object
- — " "
Object of certain prepositions.
- — " "
Genitive Case
Possession or Relation
- — " "
- — " "
Object of certain Prepositions.
- — " "
Dative Case
The Dative has many functions.
Indirect Object
- — " "
Direct Object of certain verbs
- — " "
Dative Absolute
- — " "
Emphatic Subject of Opinion
- — " "
Colloquial Possessive Construction in replacement of the Genitive
- — " "
Verbal Morphology
Regular Conjugation
The Old Praeta distinction of seven conjugations of strong verbs and four conjugations of weak verbs as well as the Middle Praeta distinction of two conjugations of strong verbs and one conjugation of weak verbs has been rendered down to a single conjugation for all regular verbs.
All tense endings are applied to the regular, or unmutated, stem except for the Preterite. To conjugate in the Preterite Indicative, the primary vowel of the stem receives what is called a U-Mutation. Front vowels are replaced with their back equivalent, back vowels raise by one degree. For unmutated stems with a primary vowel of ⟨ u ⟩, the mutated and unmutated stems are identical. The Preterite Imperative is formed through a periphrastic construction that uses a verb's infinitive form.
Unmutated | ⟨ i ⟩ / i / |
⟨ u ⟩ / u / |
⟨ e ⟩ / e / |
⟨ o ⟩ / o / |
⟨ æ ⟩ / æ / |
⟨ a ⟩ / ɑ / | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mutated | ⟨ u ⟩ / u / |
⟨ o ⟩ / o / |
⟨ u ⟩ / u / |
⟨ a ⟩ / ɑ / |
⟨ o ⟩ / o / |
ratzur "to suggest" |
Indicative Mood | Optative Mood | Imperative Mood | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | ||||||
Unmutated Stem | 1s | ‑ | ratz | -a | ratza | ‑o | ratzo | ||
2s | ‑s | ratzs | -as | ratzas | ‑es | ratzes | ‑i | ratzi | |
3s | ‑t | ratzt | -at | ratzat | ‑e | ratze | |||
1p | -um | ratzum | ‑osum | ratzosum | ‑em | ratzem | |||
2p | ‑uþ | ratzuþ | -osuþ | ratzosuþ | ‑eþ | ratzeþ | ‑ite | ratzite | |
3p | ‑un | ratzun | -osun | ratzosun | ‑en | ratzen | |||
rotz- | Preterite | Preterite | |||||||
Mutated Stem | 1s | ‑i | rotzi | ||||||
2s | ‑is | rotzis | tuis + Sup | tuis ratzur | |||||
3s | ‑it | rotzit | |||||||
1p | -imen | rotzimen | |||||||
2p | ‑iþen | rotziþen | tuiste + Sup | tuiste ratzur | |||||
3p | ‑inen | rotzinen | |||||||
Supine | ‑ur | ratzur -in (n) | |||||||
Active Participle | -us | ratzus | |||||||
Passive Participle | -oþ | ratzoþ |
Irregular Verbs
biur "to be" |
Ind. | Opt. | Imp. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pres | Imperf | Pres | Pres | |
1s | bom | as | biïo | |
2s | bos | ast | biïos | bïo |
3s | boþ | as | biïoþ | |
1p | bom | osum | biïum | |
2p | bod | osuþ | biïuþ | bïote |
3p | boþ | osun | biïun | |
Pret | Pret | |||
1s | si | |||
2s | sis | os | ||
3s | sit | |||
1p | sim | |||
2p | siþ | ost | ||
3p | sin | |||
Supine | biur -in (n) | |||
Active Participle | bius | |||
Passive Participle | szoþ |
gaur "to go" |
Ind. | Opt. | Imp. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pres | Imperf | Pres | Pres | |
1s | gah | gagg | gaggo | |
2s | gahs | gaggs | gagges | gaggi |
3s | gaht | gaggt | gagget | |
1p | gaum | gaggam | gaggem | |
2p | gauþ | gaggaþ | gaggem | gaggite |
3p | gaun | gaggan | gaggen | |
Pret | Pret | |||
1s | iza | |||
2s | izes | izedi | ||
3s | ize | |||
1p | izemen | |||
2p | izeþen | izedte | ||
3p | izen(en) | |||
Supine | gaur -in (n) | |||
Active Participle | gaus | |||
Passive Participle | gaggoþ |
Tense/Mode Function
Indicative Mood
- Present Tense
- Imperfect Tense
- Preterite Tense
Optative Mood
- Present Tense
Imperative Mood
- Present Tense
- Preterite
Lexicon
The core and bulk of the Præta lexicon derives from Common Brookshirian and have been with the language since Old Præta. A large portion, notably concerning matters of prestige, government, and magic, are borrowed from the language of Khaz Modan, due to their hegemonic influence over Brookshire before the founding of Shireroth. Others yet have entered the language from Goldshire and Elwynn and from cultures beyond the borders if the Imperial Republic.