Audente language

Audente Selôko Audênti
Pronunciation:	/auˈdɛn.ti/
Spoken in:	Audentior, Raynor Isles, Universalis, Hyperborea
Language extinction:	Developed into the Audentic langauges by 1000 ASC
Region:	Audentior
Total speakers:	30 million by 230 ASC
Langauge family:	Indo-Apollic  Antyan   South Antyan    Audentic     Audente
Offical status
Offical language in:	Grace Kingdom, Audentior
Regulated by:	TBA
Langauge codes
MIC 639-1:	au
MIC 639-2:	aud
MIC 639-3:	aud

Audente (selôko Audênti, pronounced [au'dɛn'ti]), is an Indo-Apollic language that was spoken in the Grace Kingdom and the Audentior Independent Nation. It is the direct descendent of the Old Audente language, the language of the Audente Empire, having evolved from the local dialects in the Audentior province. It became the lingua franca of the Apollo Sector in the period before the collapse of the Second Audente Empire.

Phonology

Consonants

Table of Audente consonants

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n		ŋ
Stop	p   b	t̪   d̪				k   g
Affricate				t͡s   d͡z
Fricative	ɸ   β	θ	s	ʃ   ʒ	(ç)1	x
Approximant			ɹ		j
Lateral			l

1. [ç] is an allophone of /x/ after /i/ and /u/.

Vowels

Monophthongs

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-Mid	e	o
Open-Mid	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a

The monophthongs are identical to that of Vulgar Latin. /ɛ/ is like the e in bet and /ɔ/ is like the aw in law. There is no phonemic vowel length in Audente. There is no phonemic distinction between long and short vowels. However, vowels in stressed syllables are long. Orthographically, when transliterated in the Latin alphabet, /ɛ/ is spelled ê, and /ɔ/ is spelled ô.

Diphthongs

There are four diphthongs in Audente; all of them are falling diphthongs. Nothing special to note here other than /ɔi/ is spelled <oi>.

	i	u
a	ai	au
e		eu
ɛ		ɛu
ɔ	ɔi
o	oi

Morphology

Audente has its own alphabet, to be developed later. Audente can be transliterated into the Latin alphabet - it is done so mostly on a one-to-one phoneme-to-grapheme basis, with the exception of the vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. There are no silent letters.

Phoneme	Grapheme (Audente)	Grapheme (Latin)	Grapheme (Alternate Latin)
Consonants
p		p	p
b		b	b
t		t	t
d		d	d
k		k	k
g		g	g
t͡s		c	ts
d͡z		z	dz
ɸ		f	f
β		v	w
θ		þ	th
s		s	s
ʃ		š	sh
ʒ		ž	zh
x		x	kh
m		m	m
n		n	n
ŋ		ñ	ng
l		l	l
ɹ		r	r
j		j	y
Vowels
i		i	i
u		u	u
e		e	e
ɛ		ê	ei
ɔ		ô	ou
o		o	o
a		a	a

Grammar

Audente is a highly inflective language, very much so like latin and greek. There is a fairly free word order, but the default word order is SOV. The order of words is head-first. There is a definite article, but no indefinite article. Questions are formed by creating a statement as usual and placing the particle "cin" (pronounced /t͡sin/) after the verb. The adposition order is time-manner-place. Negatives are done by placing the article "uk" before the verb. Auxilary verbs are placed after the verb.

Nominal Declension

Audente nouns inflect into:

• one of six cases: nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, genitive, and vocative.
• one of two grammatical classes, as opposed to grammatical gender: animate and inanimate. Grammatical class can be easily determined by the nominative singular form of a noun; if it ends with -as, -on, -is, or e, the noun is animate; if the noun ends in -am, -on, -i or -u, the noun is inanimate.
• one of two numbers: singular and plural.

There are eight declensions; four for animate nouns, and four for inanimate nouns.

Animate Noun Declension

	suvas, -as water an.				atos, -os sun an.				sevis, -is blood an.				vipose, -e eye an.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	suvas	–as	suvai	–ai	atos	-os	atoi	-oi	sevis	–is	sevê	–ê	vipose	–e	viposê	–ê
Accusative	suvam	–am	suvis	–is	atôn	-ôn	atus	-us	sevi	–i	sevja	–ja	viposem	–em	viposis	–is
Genitive	suvar	–ar	suvalis	–alis	ator	-or	atulis	-ulis	sevir	–ir	sevþis	–þis	viposer	–er	viposelis	–elis
Dative	suvau	–au	suvavan	–avan	atô	-ô	atovan	-ovan	sevju	–ju	sevivam	-ivam	viposeu	–eu	viposevan	–evan
Instrumental	suval	–al	suvavan	–avan	atol	-ol	atovan	-ovan	sevil	–il	sevivam	-ivam	viposel	–el	viposevan	-evan
Vocative	suve	–e	suvai	–ai	ato	-o	atoi	-oi	sevi	–i	sevê	–ê	viposê	–ê	viposê	-ê

Inanimate Noun Declension

	kuþam, -am axe in.				plêvon, -on feather in.				koli, -i land in.				lamu, -u land in.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	kuþam	–am	kuþa	–a	plêvon	–on	plêvô	–ôs	koli	–i	kolja	–ja	lamu	–u	lamvi	–vi
Accusative	kuþam	–am	kuþa	–a	plêvôn	–ôn	plêvô	–ôs	koli	–i	kolu	–u	lamôn	–ôn	lamus	–us
Genitive	kuþar	–ar	kuþalis	–alis	plêvor	–or	plêvulis	–ulis	kolir	–ir	kolþis	–þis	lamir	–ir	lamulos	–ulos
Dative	kuþau	-au	kuþavan	–avan	plêvô	–ô	plevovan	–ovan	koleu	–eu	kolivan	–ivan	lamvu	–vu	lamvan	–van
Instrumental	kuþal	–al	kuþavan	–avan	plêvol	–ol	plêvovan	–ovan	kolil	–il	kolivan	–ivan	lamul	–ul	lamvan	–van
Vocative	kuþam	–am	kuþa	–a	plêvon	–on	plêvô	–ôs	koli	–i	kolja	–ja	lamu	–u	lamvi	–vi

Note that for inanimate nouns, the vocative is identical to the nominative.

Case Usage

Nominative

The nominative is used for the subject of a sentence, and also for predicate nominals.

Ê varnis mejani kadatir meplol.
The boy loves to eat an apple.

Accusative

The accusative is used for the direct object.

Ê varnis mejani kadatir meplor.
The boy loves to eat an apple.

Dative

The dative is used for the indirect object.

Ê kašas an coxôn aine žrakeuxô nedurelil.
The King gave the cup to the stranger.

Genitive

The genitive expresses possession: Ê sorile em kašar "the king's wife"

Instrumental

The instrumental expresses what an action is performed with. Note the double instrumental in the example - anything used as materials can be expressed in the instrumental.

Bêgrakas zeganom þrindol trigol radelil.
Bêgrakas wrote a letter on the paper with ink.

The instrumental is also used to create adverbs.

Vocative

The vocative expresses the person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed. The vocative is identical to the nominative for inanimate nouns.

"Bêgrake, nagokil nar!"
"Bêgrakas, come here!"

The Article

Audente only has a definite article; there is no indefinite article. The article has an irregular declenation, and must agree with the case, number, and animacy of the noun. The article always precedes its noun; e.g. Ê vrêña (the man)

	Animate		Inanimate
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ê	ên	oi	oin
Accusative	an	ena	on	oina
Genitive	em	im	ô	omi
Dative	eun	enis	ona	onus
Instrumental	as	enis	osi	onus
Vocative	el	ak	ul	uk

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

	First Person		Second Person				Third Person
			Animate		Inanimate		Animate		Inanimate
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ma	nis	tau	kon	dô	guf	pês	fem	bos	vam
Accusative	moi	neu	ôti	kô	êdi	gau	bê	fê	êbô	vreu
Genitive	mêñ	nuñ	teuñ	kauñ	dôñ	geuñ	peñ	fêñ	bôñ	vriñ
Dative	mas	naus	ôtis	kus	êdis	augus	baus	fas	êbos	auvis
Instrumental	mal	nil	taul	kol	dôl	gul	pêl	fel	bol	val

Demonstratives

There are two demonstratives, proximal (this) and distal (that).

Proximal Demonstrative

	Animate		Inanimate
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	še	šê	šo	šoi
Accusative	šem	šês	šon	šois
Genitive	šer	šelis	šor	šolis
Dative	šeu	ševan	šô	šovan
Instrumental	šel	ševan	šol	šovan

Distal Demonstrative

	Animate		Inanimate
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	žis	ži	žu	žoi
Accusative	žiñ	žis	žon	žois
Genitive	žir	žilis	žur	žulis
Dative	žif	živan	žuf	žuvan
Instrumental	žil	živan	žul	žuvan

Interrogative/Indefinite Pronoun

This pronoun is used as both an interrogative and an indefinite (one) pronoun. There are both pronominal (who, what) and adjectival (which) forms.

Pronominal

	Animate		Inanimate
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	xas	xai	xu	xoi
Accusative	xam	xais	xon	xois
Genitive	xar	xalis	xur	xulis
Dative	xau	xavan	xuf	xuvan
Instrumental	xal	xavan	xul	xuvan

Adjectival

	Animate		Inanimate
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	xis	xi	xês	xê
Accusative	xiñ	xis	xêm	xês
Genitive	xir	xilis	xêr	xêlis
Dative	xif	xivan	xêu	xêvan
Instrumental	xil	xivan	xêl	xêvan

Verbal Morphology

Audente Verbs inflect into:

• one of four moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and optative.
• one of three voices: active, middle, and passive.
• one of three persons: first, singular, and third.
• one of two numbers: singular and plural.
• one of three aspects: perfect, perfective, and imperfective.
• one of seven tenses: present, perfect, aorist, imperfect, pluperfect, future, and future perfect.
• There are also two non-finite forms: infinitive and participle, in present, perfect, aorist, and future forms.

There are three non-irregular conjugations, represented by their (present) infinitive forms as -of, -iþ, -ax. The distinction of the tenses in moods other than the indicative is predominantly one of aspect rather than time.

Present Tense

The present tense can be used to express an action at the present, a state of being, or a habitual action at the present. It has an imperfective aspect.

Farsal.
It rains. / It is raining.

Perfect Tense

The perfect tense is a present tense with a perfect aspect. It is used to express action that has been completed with respect to the present.

Ê vrêñas an kašam malleril.
The man has seen the king.

Aorist Tense

In the indicative mood, the aorist tense refers to a past action, in a general way or as a completed event. It may also be used to express a general statement in the present. In other moods - the subjunctive, optative, and imperative, the infinitive, and largely the participle, the aorist is purely aspectual. In these forms, it has no temporal meaning, and acts purely as an alternative to the other aspects; its aspect is perfective.

Ê varnis an jet xesau strôlemil.
The boy walked on the floor.

Middle Voice

The middle voice is a voice in which the subject has characteristics of both the agent and the patient. It can be used reflexively, denoting that the subject acts on or for itself. To form the middle voice, add the augment zo- to the front of the verb.

Ê varnis zokêdemol.
The boy washed himself.

Passive Voice

To form the passive voice, add the augment a- to the front of the verb. If the verb stem begins with a vowel, the augment modifies the vowel to ê if the stem vowel is a or e, or transformed into a diphthong ai- or au if the stem vowel is i-, o-', or u., respectively.

Ê varnis akêdemol.
The boy was washed.

Negatives

The normal way to form the negative is to use the particle ku before the verb, or before the element particularly to be negated.

Ê alêxas an vanôn ku sol. The horse is not in the lake.

Questions

To form a yes-no question, use the particle cin after the verb, or to the element to be questioned:

Ê kašas an soranam reuþol cin? Does the King love the woman?

Ê kašas an soranam cin reuþol? Is it the woman the King loves?

Ê kašas cin an soranam reuþol? Is it the King who loves the woman?

There are also interrogative pronouns, used in a similar fashion to yes/no particle:

Ma an rada edemol vôrdel šam?
How was he able to read the books?

(???) The reflexive pronouns are placed at the end of a sentence when used interrogatively:

Barekis tan mallageril kune?
Who has seen my brother?

Derivational Morphology

Compound Words

Compound words are, for the most part left-branching. That is, the modifier comes before the head. The stem of the modifier is used as the affix to the compound word, while the suffix of the nominal In noun-noun and verb-noun compounds, the suffix of the created noun is that of its nominal head. For example, capon (bow) + vakos (person) = capvakos (archer, bowman).

Compounds, on the other hand, are right-branching, with the modifier coming after the nominal head: For example, vuvaros sôberos (northern wind), mejanis renêdi (red apple)

Source

• SoloralWiki