Difference between revisions of "Elw language"
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− | + | The '''Elw language''' is an ergative–absolutive agglutinating language spoken in Elwynn, Wintergleam and Talenore. | |
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== Background == | == Background == | ||
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− | == | + | == Phonology == |
− | + | === Consonants === | |
− | + | {| class="wikitable" | |
− | + | ! !! ! colspan=2| Bilabial !! ! colspan=2| Alveolar !! ! colspan=2| Retroflex !! ! colspan=2| Palatal !! ! colspan=2 Velar| !! ! colspan=2| Uvular !! ! colspan=2| Glottal | |
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− | {| | + | | || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
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− | | | + | ! Nasal |
− | | | + | | || {{orth|m}}<br />{{phm|m}} || || {{orth|n}}<br /> {{phm|n}} || || || || || {{orth|n}}<br /> {{phm|ŋ̊}} || {{orth|n}}<br /> {{phm|ŋ}} || || {{orth|n}}<br /> {{phm|ɴ}} || || |
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− | ! | + | ! Stop |
− | | | + | | {{orth|p}}<br /> {{phm|p}} || {{orth|b}}<br /> {{phm|b}} || {{orth|t}}<br /> {{phm|t}} || {{orth|d}}<br /> {{phm|d}} || || || || || || || {{orth|q}}<br /> {{phm|q}} || {{orth|g}}<br /> {{phm|ɢ}} || || |
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− | ! | + | ! Sibilant fricative |
− | | | + | | || || {{orth|s}}<br /> {{phm|s}} || {{orth|z}}<br /> {{phm|z}} || {{orth|sh}}<br /> {{phm|ʂ}} || {{orth|zh}}<br /> {{phm|ʐ}} || || || {{orth|k}}<br />{{phm|k}} || || || || || |
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− | ! | + | ! Non-sibilant fricative |
− | | | + | | {{orth|f}}<br />{{phm|ɸ}} || {{orth|v}}<br /> {{phm|β}} || || || || || {{orth|sh}}<br /> {{phm|ɕ}} || {{orth| ž}}<br />{{phm|ʑ}}|| || || {{orth|q}}<br /> {{phm|χ}} || {{orth|r}}<br /> {{phm|ʁ}} || {{orth|h}}<br /> {{phm|h}} || |
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− | ! | + | ! Approximant |
− | | | + | | || || || || ||{{orth|y}}<br />{{phm|j}}|| || || || || || || || |
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+ | ! Lateral approximant | ||
+ | | || || {{orth|ll}}<br /> {{phm|ɬ}} || {{orth|l}}<br /> {{phm|l}} || || || || || || || || || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | + | {{phm|q}} and {{phm|χ}} are allophones both written . In a syllable-initial position, {{orth|q}} is pronounced {{phm|q}} and in a syllable-final position it is pronounced {{phm|χ}}. The pronunciation of ''qoq'' is therefore {{phm|qoχ}} | |
− | + | {{phm|ʂ}} and {{phm|ʐ}} appear only before {{phm|a}}, {{phm|o}}, {{phm|u}} and {{phm|ə}} and as a final. They are allophones with {{phm|ɕ}} and {{phm|ʑ}} respectively, who appear in the other positions. | |
− | + | === Vowels === | |
− | ! | + | |
− | + | {| class="wikitable" | |
− | + | ! !! Front !! Central !! Back | |
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− | ! | + | ! Close |
− | | | + | | {{orth|i}}<br />{{phm|i}} || || {{orth|u}}<br />{{phm|u}} |
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− | ! | + | ! Close-mid |
− | | | + | | || || {{orth|o}}<br />{{phm|o}} |
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− | ! | + | ! Mid |
− | | | + | | || {{orth|e}}<br />{{phm|ə}} || |
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+ | ! Open | ||
+ | | {{orth|a}}<br />{{phm|a}} || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | == | + | Each vowel except {{orth|e}} {{phm|ə}} can be made long, in which case in orthography, the letter is doubled, e.g. {{orth|a}} becomes {{phm|a:}} {{orth|aa}}. |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Syllabic structure ==== | ||
− | + | Generally speaking, syllables are V, CV, VL, or CVL where V is a vowel, C is any consonant, and L is any non-stop consonant. | |
− | + | However, there are some illegal syllables under these rules, all around the vowel {{phm|i}}. {{phm|i}} can never come before uvular consonants. The vowel {{phm|i}} would under these conditions be realized as {{phm|ə}} and written {{orth|e}}. Similarly, {{phm|u}} can never appear before uvular consonants. The vowel is then allophonically realized as {{phm|o}} and written {{orth|o}}. These rules are for all native Elw words, and some exceptions exist for loanwords, like ''Kalirion'' from Hyperborean. | |
− | + | == Orthography == | |
− | + | Elw employs Cyrillic. Its usually transliterated either by letter-to-letter (L2L) notation or by the "English" version which attempts to use ASCII as far as possible. | |
− | {| | + | {| class="wikitable" |
− | ! | + | ! Cyrillic !! L2L !! English |
− | ! | + | |- |
− | ! | + | | А а || A a || |
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− | + | | Б б || B b || | |
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− | + | | В в || V v || | |
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− | + | | Г г || G g || | |
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− | + | | Д д || D d || | |
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− | | | + | | Е е || E e || |
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− | + | | Ж ж || Ž ž || Zh zh | |
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− | + | | З з || Z z || | |
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− | + | | И и || I i || | |
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− | + | | Й й || J j || Y y | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | К к || K k || | ||
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+ | | Қ қ || Q q || | ||
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− | + | | Л Л || L l || | |
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− | + | | Ԯ ԯ || Ł ł || Ll ll | |
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− | + | | М м || M m || | |
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− | + | | Н н || N n || | |
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− | | | + | | О о || O o || |
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− | + | | П п || P p || | |
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− | + | | Р р || R r || | |
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− | + | | С с || S s || | |
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− | + | | Т т || T t || | |
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− | | | + | | У у || U u || |
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− | + | | Ф ф || F f || | |
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− | + | | Х х || H h || | |
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− | + | | Ш ш || Š š || Sh sh, X x | |
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− | + | | Ю ю || Ů ů || Yu yu | |
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+ | | Я я || Å å || Ya ya | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | Long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel, except /jaː/ and /juː/ which are written /яа/ (''åa'', ''yaa'') and /юу/ (''ůu'', ''yuu'') respectively. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Academic Elw, as well as names of ethnic minorities or foreigners, or words from foreign languages, can be written by a set of extra letters (mainly adapted from the Ocian alphabet, with some additions for other sounds). Note, ''A–O'' refers to Amokolian–Ocian names, words, etc. | ||
− | {| | + | {| class="wikitable" |
− | ! | + | ! Cyrillic !! L2L !! English !! A–O !! Comment |
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− | + | | Ә ә || ä || || || generally used for /ɛ/-like sounds (also e.g. /æ/) | |
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− | + | | Ӷ ӷ || Ǧ ǧ || Gh gh || || generally used for /ɣ/-like sounds (also e.g. /ʀ/) | |
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− | + | | Ђ ђ || Đ đ || Dh dh || || used for /ð/; A–O: dʲ | |
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− | | | + | | Ё ё || ë || yo || || /jo/ |
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− | + | | Ј ј || J̌ ǰ || J j || || /j/ (A–O) | |
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− | + | | Љ љ || Ľ ľ || Lj lj || Lj lj || /lʲ/ (A–O) | |
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− | + | | Њ њ || Ň ň || Nj nj || Nj nj || /ŋ/; A–O /nʲ, ɲ/ | |
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− | + | | Ө ө || Ö ö || || || for /ø/-like sounds | |
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− | + | | Р̌ р̌ || Ř ř || Rh rh || || For trilled or tapped /r/-like sounds | |
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− | + | | Ҭ ҭ (Ѳ ѳ) || Ť ť || Th th || || /θ/ (the alternative letter is occasionally seen, but generally avoided due its likeness with ö) | |
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− | + | | Ћ ћ || Ć ć || Ch ch || || /tɕ/ (A–O) | |
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− | + | | Ў ў || W w || W w || || /w/ | |
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− | | | + | | Ү ү || ü || || || /y/-like sounds |
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− | + | | Ұ ұ || û || || || /ʉ/-like sounds (Norse) | |
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− | + | | Ҳ ҳ || Ȟ ȟ || Kh kh || || /x/ | |
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− | + | | Ц ц || C c || Ts ts || || /ts/ | |
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− | + | | Ч ч || Č č || Ch ch || || /tʂ~tʃ/ (A–O) | |
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− | | | + | | Џ џ || Ź ź || Dz || Dž dž || /dʑ/ (A–O) |
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− | + | | Щ щ || Ś ś || Shch shch || || /ʃː~ʃt/ (foreign names) | |
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− | + | | Ъ ъ || ʺ || || || silent (foreign names) | |
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− | + | | Ы ы || Y y || Ÿ ÿ || || ɨ~ɤ (foreign names) | |
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− | + | | Ь ь || ʹ || Ý ý || || palatalization (foreign names) | |
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+ | | Э э || ê || || || /e/-like sounds | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | == Grammar == | ||
− | + | === Pronouns === | |
− | ! - | + | |
− | ! | + | ==== Personal pronouns ==== |
− | + | ||
− | ! | + | {| class="wikitable" |
− | + | ! !! I !! We !! You (sg) !! You (pl) !! Zie !! They | |
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! absolutive | ||
+ | | ан<br>''an'' || арус<br>''arus'' || или<br>''ili'' || илис<br>''ilis'' || ун<br>''un'' || орус<br>''orus'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! ergative | ||
+ | | анех<br>''aneh'' || арухес<br>''aruhes'' || илих<br>''ilih'' || илихес<br>''ilihes'' || унех<br>''uneh'' || орухес<br>''oruhes'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! instrumental | ||
+ | | анмеқ<br>''anmeq'' || арунеқ<br>''aruneq'' ||илимеқ<br>''ilimeq'' || илинеқ<br>''ilineq'' || унмеқ<br>''unmeq'' || орунеқ<br>''oruneq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! allative |
− | | | + | | anmus || arunus || ilimus || ilinus || unmus || orunus |
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− | ! | + | ! locative |
− | | | + | | anen || aruni || ilin || ilini || unyn || oruni |
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− | ! | + | ! ablative |
− | | | + | | anmes || arunes || ilimes || ilines || unmes || orunes |
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− | ! | + | ! prosecutive |
− | | | + | | anios || aruzios || ilios || ilizios || unios || oruzios |
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+ | ! equative | ||
+ | | andus || arudus || ilidus || ilidus || undus || orudos | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | === Nominals === | ||
− | + | ==== Cases ==== | |
− | ! | + | |
− | ! | + | ===== Absolutive ===== |
− | ! | + | |
− | ! | + | ===== Ergative ===== |
− | ! | + | |
+ | ===== Instrumental ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Allative ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Locative ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Ablative ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Prosecutive ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Equative ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Simple nominals ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | ! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! English approx.!! | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! absolutive |
− | | - | + | | -Ø, -q, -r || (y)s || ''kizoq'' || ''kizos'' || |
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− | ! | + | ! ergative |
− | | - | + | | -(e)h || -hes || ''kizoh'' || ''kizohys'' || |
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− | ! | + | ! instrumental |
− | | - | + | | -meq || -neq || ''kizomeq'' || ''kizoneq'' || "using the cat" |
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− | ! | + | ! allative |
− | | - | + | | -mus || -nus || ''kizomus'' || ''kizonus'' || "toward the cat" |
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+ | ! locative | ||
+ | | -(e)n || -ni || ''kizon'' || ''kizoni'' || "in the cat" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! ablative | ||
+ | | -mes || -nes || ''kizomes'' || ''kizones'' || "from the cat" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! prosecutive | ||
+ | | -jos, -ios, -os || zios || ''kizojos'' || ''kizozios'' || "with the cat", "along the cat" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! equative | ||
+ | | -dus || -dus || ''kizodus'' || ''kizodus'' || "like a cat" | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | ==== Possessives ==== | ||
− | {| | + | {| class="wikitable" |
− | ! | + | ! Possessor !! Singular !! Plural !! Example !! Example |
− | ! | ||
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− | ! | + | ! 1st person sg |
− | | | + | | ra || ja, ia || ''kizora'' "my cat" || ''kizoja'' "my cats" |
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− | ! | + | ! 2nd person sg |
− | | | + | | (i)s || sis || ''kizos'' "your cat" || ''kizosis'' "your cats" |
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− | ! | + | ! 3rd person sg |
− | | | + | | a || e || ''kizoa'' "his cat" || ''kizoe'' "his cats" |
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− | ! | + | ! 1st person pl |
− | | | + | | bus || hus || ''kizobus'' "our cat" || ''kizohus'' "our cats" |
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|- | |- | ||
+ | ! 2nd person pl | ||
+ | | ze || se || ''kizoze'' "your cat" || ''kizose'' "your cats" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! 3rd person pl | ||
+ | | as || es || ''kizoas'' "their cat" || ''kizoes'' "their cats" | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | ==== Complex nominals/possessives ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | When the nominal is inflected in another case than absolutive, the possessive comes afterwards. If this means that two consonants will follow each other in the stem, the schwa {{phm|ə}}, written {{orth|e}}, is added inbetween: | ||
+ | |||
+ | *'''''Kizohera qimnea neriaa''''': | ||
+ | *{{phm|kizohəʁa qimnea nəʁiaː}} | ||
+ | *Cat (ergative, possessive first person singular) dog (absolutive, possessive third person singuar) eats (intransitive; indicative): | ||
+ | *My cat eats his dog. | ||
− | + | === Verbs === | |
− | + | ||
− | ! | + | Verbs are inflected differently depending on if they take an intransitive or transitive form. In Elw grammar, a transitive form occurs when there is a nominal agent (an object) to the verb. |
− | + | ||
− | ! | + | There are no tenses in Elw; however the verbs are inflected by their mood. |
− | + | ||
+ | ==== Moods ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Intransitive ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | ! !! Indicative !! Interrogative !! Imperative !! Optative !! Conjunctive !! Conditional !! Participial | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! 1st person sg | ||
+ | | -on || -(e)q || || -lam || -ram || -ona || -son | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! 2nd person sg |
− | | - | + | | -ozys || -(e)s || -(e)hi || -lames || -rames || -ahes || -suzes |
− | | - | ||
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! 3rd person sg |
− | | - | + | | -or || -a || || -li || -rame || -oni || -ses |
− | | - | ||
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! 1st person pl |
− | | - | + | | -ohus || -za || -ha || -lajus || -rada || -ruza || -sus |
− | | - | ||
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! 2nd person pl |
− | | - | + | | -oze || -ze || -haze || -laze || -raze || -ruze || -suze |
− | | - | ||
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
+ | ! 3rd person pl | ||
+ | | -bus || -zas || || -lis || -rameq || -runeq || -suhus | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | {| | + | Here follows an example of ''neri-'' (to eat): |
− | ! | + | |
− | ! | + | {| class="wikitable" |
− | + | ! !! Indicative !! Interrogative !! Imperative !! Optative !! Conjunctive !! Conditional !! Participial | |
− | ! | + | |- |
− | + | ! 1st person sg | |
+ | | nerion || nereq || || nerilam || nereram || neriona || nerison | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! 2nd person sg |
− | | | + | | neriozes || neris || nerihi || nerilames || nererames || neriahes || nerisuses |
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! 3rd person sg |
− | | | + | | nerior || neria || || nerili || nereramy || nerioni || nerises |
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! 1st person pl |
− | | | + | | neriohus || neriza || neriha || nerilajus || nererada || nereruza || nerisus |
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! 2nd person pl |
− | | | + | | nerioze || nerize || nerihaze || nerilaze || nereraze || nereruze || nerisuze |
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
+ | ! 3rd person pl | ||
+ | | neribus || nerizas || || nerilis || nererameq || nereruneq || nerisuhus | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | |||
[[Category:Elwynn]] | [[Category:Elwynn]] |
Latest revision as of 22:29, 24 February 2018
The Elw language is an ergative–absolutive agglutinating language spoken in Elwynn, Wintergleam and Talenore.
Background
Blah, blah, language of Elwynn
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | ⟨ m ⟩ / m / |
⟨ n ⟩ / n / |
⟨ n ⟩ / ŋ̊ / |
⟨ n ⟩ / ŋ / |
⟨ n ⟩ / ɴ / |
|||||||||
Stop | ⟨ p ⟩ / p / |
⟨ b ⟩ / b / |
⟨ t ⟩ / t / |
⟨ d ⟩ / d / |
⟨ q ⟩ / q / |
⟨ g ⟩ / ɢ / |
||||||||
Sibilant fricative | ⟨ s ⟩ / s / |
⟨ z ⟩ / z / |
⟨ sh ⟩ / ʂ / |
⟨ zh ⟩ / ʐ / |
⟨ k ⟩ / k / |
|||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | ⟨ f ⟩ / ɸ / |
⟨ v ⟩ / β / |
⟨ sh ⟩ / ɕ / |
⟨ ž ⟩ / ʑ / |
⟨ q ⟩ / χ / |
⟨ r ⟩ / ʁ / |
⟨ h ⟩ / h / |
|||||||
Approximant | ⟨ y ⟩ / j / |
|||||||||||||
Lateral approximant | ⟨ ll ⟩ / ɬ / |
⟨ l ⟩ / l / |
/ q / and / χ / are allophones both written . In a syllable-initial position, ⟨ q ⟩ is pronounced / q / and in a syllable-final position it is pronounced / χ /. The pronunciation of qoq is therefore / qoχ /
/ ʂ / and / ʐ / appear only before / a /, / o /, / u / and / ə / and as a final. They are allophones with / ɕ / and / ʑ / respectively, who appear in the other positions.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | ⟨ i ⟩ / i / |
⟨ u ⟩ / u / | |
Close-mid | ⟨ o ⟩ / o / | ||
Mid | ⟨ e ⟩ / ə / |
||
Open | ⟨ a ⟩ / a / |
Each vowel except ⟨ e ⟩ / ə / can be made long, in which case in orthography, the letter is doubled, e.g. ⟨ a ⟩ becomes / a: / ⟨ aa ⟩.
Syllabic structure
Generally speaking, syllables are V, CV, VL, or CVL where V is a vowel, C is any consonant, and L is any non-stop consonant.
However, there are some illegal syllables under these rules, all around the vowel / i /. / i / can never come before uvular consonants. The vowel / i / would under these conditions be realized as / ə / and written ⟨ e ⟩. Similarly, / u / can never appear before uvular consonants. The vowel is then allophonically realized as / o / and written ⟨ o ⟩. These rules are for all native Elw words, and some exceptions exist for loanwords, like Kalirion from Hyperborean.
Orthography
Elw employs Cyrillic. Its usually transliterated either by letter-to-letter (L2L) notation or by the "English" version which attempts to use ASCII as far as possible.
Cyrillic | L2L | English |
---|---|---|
А а | A a | |
Б б | B b | |
В в | V v | |
Г г | G g | |
Д д | D d | |
Е е | E e | |
Ж ж | Ž ž | Zh zh |
З з | Z z | |
И и | I i | |
Й й | J j | Y y |
К к | K k | |
Қ қ | Q q | |
Л Л | L l | |
Ԯ ԯ | Ł ł | Ll ll |
М м | M m | |
Н н | N n | |
О о | O o | |
П п | P p | |
Р р | R r | |
С с | S s | |
Т т | T t | |
У у | U u | |
Ф ф | F f | |
Х х | H h | |
Ш ш | Š š | Sh sh, X x |
Ю ю | Ů ů | Yu yu |
Я я | Å å | Ya ya |
Long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel, except /jaː/ and /juː/ which are written /яа/ (åa, yaa) and /юу/ (ůu, yuu) respectively.
Academic Elw, as well as names of ethnic minorities or foreigners, or words from foreign languages, can be written by a set of extra letters (mainly adapted from the Ocian alphabet, with some additions for other sounds). Note, A–O refers to Amokolian–Ocian names, words, etc.
Cyrillic | L2L | English | A–O | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ә ә | ä | generally used for /ɛ/-like sounds (also e.g. /æ/) | ||
Ӷ ӷ | Ǧ ǧ | Gh gh | generally used for /ɣ/-like sounds (also e.g. /ʀ/) | |
Ђ ђ | Đ đ | Dh dh | used for /ð/; A–O: dʲ | |
Ё ё | ë | yo | /jo/ | |
Ј ј | J̌ ǰ | J j | /j/ (A–O) | |
Љ љ | Ľ ľ | Lj lj | Lj lj | /lʲ/ (A–O) |
Њ њ | Ň ň | Nj nj | Nj nj | /ŋ/; A–O /nʲ, ɲ/ |
Ө ө | Ö ö | for /ø/-like sounds | ||
Р̌ р̌ | Ř ř | Rh rh | For trilled or tapped /r/-like sounds | |
Ҭ ҭ (Ѳ ѳ) | Ť ť | Th th | /θ/ (the alternative letter is occasionally seen, but generally avoided due its likeness with ö) | |
Ћ ћ | Ć ć | Ch ch | /tɕ/ (A–O) | |
Ў ў | W w | W w | /w/ | |
Ү ү | ü | /y/-like sounds | ||
Ұ ұ | û | /ʉ/-like sounds (Norse) | ||
Ҳ ҳ | Ȟ ȟ | Kh kh | /x/ | |
Ц ц | C c | Ts ts | /ts/ | |
Ч ч | Č č | Ch ch | /tʂ~tʃ/ (A–O) | |
Џ џ | Ź ź | Dz | Dž dž | /dʑ/ (A–O) |
Щ щ | Ś ś | Shch shch | /ʃː~ʃt/ (foreign names) | |
Ъ ъ | ʺ | silent (foreign names) | ||
Ы ы | Y y | Ÿ ÿ | ɨ~ɤ (foreign names) | |
Ь ь | ʹ | Ý ý | palatalization (foreign names) | |
Э э | ê | /e/-like sounds |
Grammar
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
I | We | You (sg) | You (pl) | Zie | They | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
absolutive | ан an |
арус arus |
или ili |
илис ilis |
ун un |
орус orus |
ergative | анех aneh |
арухес aruhes |
илих ilih |
илихес ilihes |
унех uneh |
орухес oruhes |
instrumental | анмеқ anmeq |
арунеқ aruneq |
илимеқ ilimeq |
илинеқ ilineq |
унмеқ unmeq |
орунеқ oruneq |
allative | anmus | arunus | ilimus | ilinus | unmus | orunus |
locative | anen | aruni | ilin | ilini | unyn | oruni |
ablative | anmes | arunes | ilimes | ilines | unmes | orunes |
prosecutive | anios | aruzios | ilios | ilizios | unios | oruzios |
equative | andus | arudus | ilidus | ilidus | undus | orudos |
Nominals
Cases
Absolutive
Ergative
Instrumental
Allative
Locative
Ablative
Prosecutive
Equative
Simple nominals
Singular | Plural | English approx. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
absolutive | -Ø, -q, -r | (y)s | kizoq | kizos | |
ergative | -(e)h | -hes | kizoh | kizohys | |
instrumental | -meq | -neq | kizomeq | kizoneq | "using the cat" |
allative | -mus | -nus | kizomus | kizonus | "toward the cat" |
locative | -(e)n | -ni | kizon | kizoni | "in the cat" |
ablative | -mes | -nes | kizomes | kizones | "from the cat" |
prosecutive | -jos, -ios, -os | zios | kizojos | kizozios | "with the cat", "along the cat" |
equative | -dus | -dus | kizodus | kizodus | "like a cat" |
Possessives
Possessor | Singular | Plural | Example | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person sg | ra | ja, ia | kizora "my cat" | kizoja "my cats" |
2nd person sg | (i)s | sis | kizos "your cat" | kizosis "your cats" |
3rd person sg | a | e | kizoa "his cat" | kizoe "his cats" |
1st person pl | bus | hus | kizobus "our cat" | kizohus "our cats" |
2nd person pl | ze | se | kizoze "your cat" | kizose "your cats" |
3rd person pl | as | es | kizoas "their cat" | kizoes "their cats" |
Complex nominals/possessives
When the nominal is inflected in another case than absolutive, the possessive comes afterwards. If this means that two consonants will follow each other in the stem, the schwa / ə /, written ⟨ e ⟩, is added inbetween:
- Kizohera qimnea neriaa:
- / kizohəʁa qimnea nəʁiaː /
- Cat (ergative, possessive first person singular) dog (absolutive, possessive third person singuar) eats (intransitive; indicative):
- My cat eats his dog.
Verbs
Verbs are inflected differently depending on if they take an intransitive or transitive form. In Elw grammar, a transitive form occurs when there is a nominal agent (an object) to the verb.
There are no tenses in Elw; however the verbs are inflected by their mood.
Moods
Intransitive
Indicative | Interrogative | Imperative | Optative | Conjunctive | Conditional | Participial | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person sg | -on | -(e)q | -lam | -ram | -ona | -son | |
2nd person sg | -ozys | -(e)s | -(e)hi | -lames | -rames | -ahes | -suzes |
3rd person sg | -or | -a | -li | -rame | -oni | -ses | |
1st person pl | -ohus | -za | -ha | -lajus | -rada | -ruza | -sus |
2nd person pl | -oze | -ze | -haze | -laze | -raze | -ruze | -suze |
3rd person pl | -bus | -zas | -lis | -rameq | -runeq | -suhus |
Here follows an example of neri- (to eat):
Indicative | Interrogative | Imperative | Optative | Conjunctive | Conditional | Participial | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person sg | nerion | nereq | nerilam | nereram | neriona | nerison | |
2nd person sg | neriozes | neris | nerihi | nerilames | nererames | neriahes | nerisuses |
3rd person sg | nerior | neria | nerili | nereramy | nerioni | nerises | |
1st person pl | neriohus | neriza | neriha | nerilajus | nererada | nereruza | nerisus |
2nd person pl | nerioze | nerize | nerihaze | nerilaze | nereraze | nereruze | nerisuze |
3rd person pl | neribus | nerizas | nerilis | nererameq | nereruneq | nerisuhus |