Talk:Shirerothian language
Phonology & Orthography
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | ⟨ m ⟩ / m / |
⟨ n ⟩ / n / |
⟨ ng ⟩ / ŋ / |
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| Plosive | ⟨ p ⟩ / p / |
⟨ b ⟩ / b / |
⟨ t ⟩ / t / |
⟨ d ⟩ / d / |
⟨ k ⟩ / k / |
⟨ g ⟩ / g / |
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| Affricate | ⟨ tx ⟩ / tʃ / |
⟨ dj ⟩ / dʒ / |
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| Fricative | ⟨ f ⟩ / f / |
⟨ v ⟩ / v / |
⟨ þ ⟩ / θ / |
⟨ ð ⟩ / ð / |
⟨ s ⟩ / s / |
⟨ z ⟩ / z / |
⟨ x ⟩ / ʃ / |
⟨ j ⟩ / ʒ / |
⟨ ⟩ / x / |
⟨ h ⟩ / h / | ||||||
| Approximant | ⟨ l ⟩ / l / |
⟨ ȝ ⟩ / j / |
⟨ ⟩ / ʍ / |
⟨ w ⟩ / w / |
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| Trill | ⟨ r ⟩ / r / |
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| Lateral Fricative | ⟨ ɬ ⟩ / ɬ / |
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Vowels
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| High | ⟨ i ⟩ / i / |
⟨ ü ⟩ / y / |
⟨ u ⟩ / u / |
| Mid | ⟨ e ⟩ / e / |
⟨ ö ⟩ / ø / |
⟨ o ⟩ / o / |
| Low | ⟨ æ ⟩ / æ / |
⟨ a ⟩ / ɑ / | |
/ j / + / i / between consonants is realized as / ej / and written ⟨ ei ⟩
There are five diphthongs: [æj], [æw], [iw], [oj], and [øj]. They are best analyzed phonemically as /Vj/ rather than /Vɪ̯/.
Changes from Middle Praeta
1st Declension nouns whose stems ended / w / in Middle Præta acquired a u-mutation, lost the / w / and shifted into the 2nd Declension in New Præta.
- e.g. MP. magwъ, magwis "child" => NP. mog, mogos "child"
Preterit suffix -u- + Preterit personal endings in Middle Præta has become a u-mutation + Preterit personal endings in New Præta.
- e.g. MP. haziwi "I praised" => NP. hozei [hozy- + -i] "I praised" versus hazia "I praise"
Verbal morphology collapsed down from multiple conjugations into a single paradigm based on the increasingly productive -a- or weak conjugation.
Loss of vowel harmony in inflectional and derivational suffixes.
Nominal Morphology
The underlying morphophoneme ъ is realized differently according to different stem endings:
- / j /- + -/ ъ / => / i /
- / w /- + -/ ъ /# => / /
- / l /- + -/ ъ /# => / e /
- / r /- + -/ ъ /# => / e /
- C/ ъ /C => C/ a /C
- otherwise -/ ъ /# ==> -/ /
1st Declension
Animate and Inanimate Genders. Distinguished by Genitive Singular as -is. If the stem ends in a vowel, the Vocative has the same form as the Nominative and Accusative, and the vowel is dropped in the plural.
| Animate | Inanimate | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underlying | "Sovereign" kaȝsar- |
"Shepherd" airdȝ- |
"speech" præta- |
Underlying | "might" alf- |
"cliff" nasj- | |||
| Vocative | -e | kaȝsare | airdje | præta | -ъ | alf | nasi | ||
| Nominative | -ъ | kaȝsar | airdi | ||||||
| Accusative | |||||||||
| Genitive | -is | kaȝsaris | airdis | prætais | -is | alfis | nasis | ||
| Dative | -i | kaȝsari | airdi | prætai | -i | alfi | nasi | ||
| Nominative | -ъs | kaȝsaras | airdȝas | prætas | -a | alfa | nasja | ||
| Accusative | |||||||||
| Genitive | -on | kaȝsaron | airdȝon | præton | -on | alfon | nasjon | ||
| Dative | -ъm | kaȝsaram | airdim | prætam | -ъm | alfam | nasim | ||
2nd Declension
Animate Genders only. Distinguished by Genitive Singular as -os.
| Animate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underlying | "mango" gollet- |
"child" magw-/mog- | ||
| Vocative | -ъ | gollet | mag/mog | |
| Nominative | ||||
| Accusative | ||||
| Genitive | -os | golletos | magus/mogos | |
| Dative | -u | golletu | magu/mogu | |
| Nominative | -ъs | golletas | magus/mogas | |
| Accusative | ||||
| Genitive | -on | golleton | magun/mogon | |
| Dative | -ъm | golletam | magum/mogam | |
3rd Declension
Animate and Inanimate Genders. Distinguished by Genitive Singular as -in.
| Animate | Inanimate | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underlying | "worm" maþ- |
Underlying | "eye" og- | |||||
| Vocative | -a | maþa | -a | oga | ||||
| Nominative | ||||||||
| Accusative | -ъn | maþan |
| |||||
| Genitive | -in | maþin | -in | ogin | ||||
| Dative | -in | maþin | -in | ogin | ||||
| Nominative | -ъn | maþan | -ъn | ogan | ||||
| Accusative | ||||||||
| Genitive | -on | maþon | -on | ogon | ||||
| Dative | -ъm | maþam | -ъm | ogam | ||||
Verbal Morphology
Infinitive: -ar
Participles: -??
| oj- "run" |
Ending | Present (-a-) | Past Imperfect (-ala-) | Subjunctive (-e-) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective stem |
1s | - | oja | ojala | oje | |
| 2s | -s | ojas | ojalas | ojes | ||
| 3s | -t | ojat | ojalat | ojet | ||
| 1p | -ne | ojane | ojalane | ojene | ||
| 2p | -þ | ojaþ | ojalaþ | ojeþ | ||
| 3p | -re | ojare | ojalare | ojere | ||
| uj- "ran" |
Ending | Preterit Tense | ||||
| Perfective u-mutated stem |
1s | -1 | uji | |||
| 2s | -is | ujis | ||||
| 3s | -it | ujit | ||||
| 1p | -imen | ujimen | ||||
| 2p | -iten | ujiten | ||||
| 3p | -iren | ujiren | ||||
| oj- "run!" |
Ending | Imperative | ||||
| Imperative stem |
1s | - | - | |||
| 2s | -i | oji | ||||
| 3s | - | |||||
| 1p | - | - | ||||
| 2p | -ite | ojite | ||||
| 3p | - | - | ||||
| oj- "running" |
Ending | Infinitive | ||||
| Non-Finite | -ar | ojar | ||||
| Ending | Present Participle | |||||
| -?? | oj?? | |||||
| Ending | Past Participle | |||||
| -?? | oj?? | |||||
