Elw language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:31, 4 February 2018

The Elw language is an ergative–absolutive agglutinating language spoken in Elwynn, Wintergleam and Talenore.

Background

Blah, blah, language of Elwynn

Phonology and orthography

Consonants

	Bilabial		Alveolar		Retroflex		Palatal				Uvular		Glottal

Nasal		⟨ m ⟩ / m /		⟨ n ⟩ / n /					⟨ n ⟩ / ŋ̊ /	⟨ n ⟩ / ŋ /		⟨ n ⟩ / ɴ /
Stop	⟨ p ⟩ / p /	⟨ b ⟩ / b /	⟨ t ⟩ / t /	⟨ d ⟩ / d /							⟨ q ⟩ / q /	⟨ g ⟩ / ɢ /
Sibilant fricative			⟨ s ⟩ / s /	⟨ z ⟩ / z /	⟨ š ⟩ / ʂ /	⟨ ž ⟩ / ʐ /			⟨ k ⟩ / k /
Non-sibilant fricative	⟨ f ⟩ / ɸ /	⟨ v ⟩ / β /					⟨ š ⟩ / ɕ /	⟨ ž ⟩ / ʑ /			⟨ q ⟩ / χ /	⟨ r ⟩ / ʁ /	⟨ h ⟩ / h /	⟨ ħ ⟩ / ɦ /
Approximant						⟨ j ⟩ / j /
Lateral approximant			⟨ ł ⟩ / l̥ /	⟨ l ⟩ / l /

/ q / and / χ / are allophones both written . In a syllable-initial position, ⟨ q ⟩ is pronounced / q / and in a syllable-final position it is pronounced / χ /. The pronunciation of qoq is therefore / qoχ /

/ ʂ / and / ʐ / appear only before / a /, / o /, / u / and / ə / and as a final. They are allophones with / ɕ / and / ʑ / respectively, who appear in the other positions.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	⟨ i ⟩ / i /		⟨ u ⟩ / u /
Close-mid			⟨ o ⟩ / o /
Mid		⟨ e ⟩ / ə /
Open	⟨ a ⟩ / a /

Each vowel except ⟨ e ⟩ / ə / can be made long, in which case in orthography, the letter is doubled, e.g. ⟨ a ⟩ becomes / a: / ⟨ aa ⟩.

Syllabic structure

Generally speaking, syllables are V, CV, VL, or CVL where V is a vowel, C is any consonant, and L is any non-stop consonant.

However, there are some illegal syllables under these rules, all around the vowel / i /. / i / can never come before uvular consonants. The vowel / i / would under these conditions be realized as / ə / and written ⟨ e ⟩. Similarly, / u / can never appear before uvular consonants. The vowel is then allophonically realized as / o / and written ⟨ o ⟩.

Grammar

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	I	We	You (sg)	You (pl)	Zie	They
absolutive	an	arus	ili	ilis	un	orus
ergative	anyh	aruhys	ilih	ilihys	unyh	oruhys
instrumental	anmeq	aruneq	ilimeq	ilineq	unmeq	oruneq
allative	anmus	arunus	ilimus	ilinus	unmus	orunus
locative	anyn	aruni	ilin	ilini	unyn	oruni
ablative	anmys	arunys	ilimys	ilinys	unmys	orunys
prosecutive	anios	aruzios	ilios	ilizios	unios	oruzios
equative	andus	arudus	ilidus	ilidus	undus	orudos

Nominals

Cases

Absolutive

Ergative

Instrumental

Allative

Locative

Ablative

Prosecutive

Equative

Simple nominals

	Singular	Plural		English approx.
absolutive	-Ø, -q, -r	(y)s	kizoq	kizos
ergative	-(y)h	-hys	kizoh	kizohys
instrumental	-meq	-neq	kizomeq	kizoneq	"using the cat"
allative	-mus	-nus	kizomus	kizonus	"toward the cat"
locative	-(y)n	-ni	kizon	kizoni	"in the cat"
ablative	-mys	-nys	kizomys	kizonys	"from the cat"
prosecutive	-jos, -ios, -os	zios	kizojos	kizozios	"with the cat", "along the cat"
equative	-dus	-dus	kizodus	kizodus	"like a cat"

Possessives

Possessor	Singular	Plural	Example	Example
1st person sg	ra	ja, ia	kizora "my cat"	kizoja "my cats"
2nd person sg	(i)s	sis	kizos "your cat"	kizosis "your cats"
3rd person sg	a	e	kizoa "his cat"	kizoe "his cats"
1st person pl	bus	hus	kizobus "our cat"	kizohus "our cats"
2nd person pl	ze	se	kizoze "your cat"	kizose "your cats"
3rd person pl	as	es	kizoas "their cat"	kizoes "their cats"

Complex nominals/possessives

When the nominal is inflected in another case than absolutive, the possessive comes afterwards. If this means that two consonants will follow each other in the stem, the schwa (written ⟨ y ⟩ or ⟨ e ⟩ depending on the rules, is added inbetween:

Kizohera qimnea neriaa:
/ kizohəʁa qimnea nəʁiaː /
Cat (ergative, possessive first person singular) dog (absolutive, possessive third person singuar) eats (intransitive; indicative):
My cat eats his dog.

Verbs

Verbs are inflected differently depending on if they take an intransitive or transitive form. In Elw grammar, a transitive form occurs when there is a nominal agent (an object) to the verb.

There are no tenses in Elw; however the verbs are inflected by their mood.

Moods

Intransitive

	Indicative	Interrogative	Imperative	Optative	Conjunctive	Conditional	Participial
1st person sg	-on	-(e)q		-lam	-ram	-ona	-son
2nd person sg	-ozys	-(y)s	-(y)hi	-lamys	-ramys	-ahys	-suzys
3rd person sg	-or	-a		-li	-ramy	-oni	-sys
1st person pl	-ohus	-za	-ha	-lajus	-rada	-ruza	-sus
2nd person pl	-oze	-zy	-hazy	-lazy	-razy	-ruzy	-suze
3rd person pl	-bus	-zas		-lis	-rameq	-runeq	-suhus

Here follows an example of neri- (to eat):

	Indicative	Interrogative	Imperative	Optative	Conjunctive	Conditional	Participial
1st person sg	nerion	nereq		nerilam	nereram	neriona	nerison
2nd person sg	neriozys	neris	nerihi	nerilamys	nereramys	neriahys	nerisusys
3rd person sg	nerior	neria		nerili	nereramy	nerioni	nerisys
1st person pl	neriohus	neriza	neriha	nerilajus	nererada	nereruza	nerisus
2nd person pl	nerioze	nerizy	nerihazy	nerilazy	nererazy	nereruzy	nerisuze
3rd person pl	neribus	nerizas		nerilis	nererameq	nereruneq	nerisuhus

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 |-
 ! Mid
-| {{orth|e}}<br />{{phm|e}} || {{orth|y, e}}<br />{{phm|ə}} ||
+|  || {{orth|e}}<br />{{phm|ə}} ||
 |-
 ! Open
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 |}
-Each vowel except {{orth|y, e}} {{phm|ə}}  can be made long, in which case in orthography, the letter is doubled, e.g. {{orth|a}} becomes {{phm|a:}} {{orth|aa}}.
+Each vowel except {{orth|e}} {{phm|ə}}  can be made long, in which case in orthography, the letter is doubled, e.g. {{orth|a}} becomes {{phm|a:}} {{orth|aa}}.
-The vowel {{phm|ə}} is written {{orth|y}}  except before {{orth|q}}, {{orth|r}}  and {{orth|g}} when it is written {{orth|e}} . {{orth|er}}, {{orth|eq}}, and {{orth|eg}} are therefore pronounced with the vowel as  {{phm|ə}}.
 ==== Syllabic structure ====
@@ Line 65: / Line 64: @@
 Generally speaking, syllables are V, CV, VL, or CVL where V is a vowel, C is any consonant, and L is any non-stop consonant.
-However, there are some illegal syllables under these rules, all around the vowel {{phm|i}}. {{phm|i}}  can never come before uvular consonants. The vowel {{phm|i}} would under these conditions be realized as  {{phm|ə}} and written {{orth|e}}.
+However, there are some illegal syllables under these rules, all around the vowel {{phm|i}}. {{phm|i}}  can never come before uvular consonants. The vowel {{phm|i}} would under these conditions be realized as  {{phm|ə}} and written {{orth|e}}. Similarly, {{phm|u}} can never appear before uvular consonants. The vowel is then allophonically realized as {{phm|o}} and written {{orth|o}}.
-Similarly, {{phm|u}} can never appear before uvular consonants. The vowel is then allophonically realized as {{phm|o}} and written {{orth|o}}.
 == Grammar ==