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<div></div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Audente_adjectives&diff=18399Audente adjectives2016-04-09T23:54:07Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
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<div>{{Audente}}<br />
<br />
Audente uses adjectives in a similar way to synthetic Indo-European languages. They usually go after the nouns that they modify, and they agree with what they refer to in terms of number, (singular/dual/plural) case (nominative/vocative/accusative/genitive/dative/instrumental) and animacy (animate/inanimate).<br />
<br />
=Adjectival Declension=<br />
<br />
Adjectives inflect to the same case, number, and animacy as their corresponding noun. They decline similar to the corresoding nominal declensions; however, the accusative and vocative inflections are always identical to the nominative. There are also only two declensions.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" |<br />
!colspan=12| ''golos/golon, –os/–on''<br>sacred<br />
!colspan=12| ''kenis/kenu, –is/–u''<br> poor<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative <br />
|rowspan=3| golos ||rowspan=3| '''–os''' ||rowspan=3| golôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| goloi ||rowspan=3| '''–oi''' ||rowspan=3| golon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| gololon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| golôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| kenis ||rowspan=3| '''–is''' ||rowspan=3| keniju ||rowspan=3| '''–iju''' ||rowspan=3| kenê ||rowspan=3| '''–kenê''' ||rowspan=3| kenu ||rowspan=3| '''–u''' ||rowspan=3| kenelon ||rowspan=3| '''–elon'''||rowspan=3| kenus ||rowspan=3| '''–us'''<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| golor || '''–ar''' || golois || '''–ois''' || golulis || '''–ulis''' || golor || '''–or''' || golois || '''–ois''' || golulis || '''–ulis''' || kenir || '''–ir''' || kenis || '''–is''' || kenelis || '''–elis''' || kenur || '''–ur''' || kenês || '''–ês''' || kenulis || '''–ulis'''<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| golô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| golovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| golovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || golô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| golovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| golovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || keneju || '''–eju''' ||rowspan=2| kenivas ||rowspan=2| '''–ivas''' ||rowspan=2| kenivam ||rowspan=2| '''–ivam''' || kenevu || '''–evu''' ||rowspan=2| kenuvas ||rowspan=2| '''–uvas''' ||rowspan=2| kenuvan ||rowspan=2| '''–uvan'''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| golol || '''–ol''' || golol || '''–ol''' || kenil || '''–il''' || kenul || '''–ul'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Possessive Adjectives==<br />
The posessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) are derived from the genitive form of the pronouns, and are in the '''–os/–on''' declension. They must agree with the case, person, and number of the noun they modify, like any other adjective. There are no possessive adjectives in which the posessor has dual number (''both of our''); the plural possessive adjectives are used instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+caption | '''First person possessive adjectives'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |<br />
!colspan=12| ''temos/temon, –os/–on''<br>my<br />
!colspan=12| ''nulos/nulon, –os/–on''<br>our<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative <br />
|rowspan=3| temos ||rowspan=3| '''–os''' ||rowspan=3| temôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| temoi ||rowspan=3| '''–oi''' ||rowspan=3| temon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| temolon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| temôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| nulos ||rowspan=3| '''–os''' ||rowspan=3| nulôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| nuloi ||rowspan=3| '''–oi''' ||rowspan=3| nulon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| nulolon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| nulôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs'''<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| temor || '''–ar''' || temois || '''–ois''' || temulis || '''–ulis''' || temor || '''–or''' || temois || '''–ois''' || temulis || '''–ulis''' || nulor || '''–ar''' || nulois || '''–ois''' || nululis || '''–ulis''' || nulor || '''–or''' || nulois || '''–ois''' || nululis || '''–ulis'''<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| temô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| temovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| temovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || temô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| temovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| temovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || nulô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| nulovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| nulovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || nulô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| nulovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| nulovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| temol || '''–ol''' || temol || '''–ol''' || nulol || '''–ol''' || nulol || '''–ol''' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+caption | '''Second person possessive adjectives'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |<br />
!colspan=12| ''kemos/kemon, –os/–on''<br>thy<br />
!colspan=12| ''dulos/dulon, –os/–on''<br>your<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative <br />
|rowspan=3| kemos ||rowspan=3| '''–os''' ||rowspan=3| kemôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| kemoi ||rowspan=3| '''–oi''' ||rowspan=3| kemon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| kemolon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| kemôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| dulos ||rowspan=3| '''–os''' ||rowspan=3| dulôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| duloi ||rowspan=3| '''–oi''' ||rowspan=3| dulon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| dulolon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| dulôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs'''<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| kemor || '''–ar''' || kemois || '''–ois''' || kemulis || '''–ulis''' || kemor || '''–or''' || kemois || '''–ois''' || kemulis || '''–ulis''' || dulor || '''–ar''' || dulois || '''–ois''' || dululis || '''–ulis''' || dulor || '''–or''' || dulois || '''–ois''' || dululis || '''–ulis'''<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| kemô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| kemovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| kemovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || kemô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| kemovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| kemovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || dulô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| dulovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| dulovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || dulô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| dulovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| dulovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| kemol || '''–ol''' || kemol || '''–ol''' || dulol || '''–ol''' || dulol || '''–ol''' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+caption | '''Third person possessive adjectives (animate)'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |<br />
!colspan=12| ''pemos/pemon, –os/–on''<br>his/her<br />
!colspan=12| ''zimos/zimon, –os/–on''<br>their (anim.)<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative <br />
|rowspan=3| pemos ||rowspan=3| '''–os''' ||rowspan=3| pemôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| pemoi ||rowspan=3| '''–oi''' ||rowspan=3| pemon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| pemolon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| pemôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| zimos ||rowspan=3| '''–os''' ||rowspan=3| zimôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| zimoi ||rowspan=3| '''–oi''' ||rowspan=3| zimon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| zimolon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| zimôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs'''<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| pemor || '''–ar''' || pemois || '''–ois''' || pemulis || '''–ulis''' || pemor || '''–or''' || pemois || '''–ois''' || pemulis || '''–ulis''' || zimor || '''–ar''' || zimois || '''–ois''' || zimulis || '''–ulis''' || zimor || '''–or''' || zimois || '''–ois''' || zimulis || '''–ulis'''<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| pemô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| pemovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| pemovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || pemô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| pemovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| pemovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || zimô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| zimovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| zimovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || zimô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| zimovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| zimovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| pemol || '''–ol''' || pemol || '''–ol''' || zimol || '''–ol''' || zimol || '''–ol''' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+caption | '''Third person possessive adjectives (inanimate)'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |<br />
!colspan=12| ''pôvos/pôvon, –os/–on''<br>its<br />
!colspan=12| ''zomos/zomon, –os/–on''<br>their (inan.)<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
!colspan=6| Animate<br />
!colspan=6| Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative <br />
|rowspan=3| pôvos ||rowspan=3| '''–os''' ||rowspan=3| pôvôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| pôvoi ||rowspan=3| '''–oi''' ||rowspan=3| pôvon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| pôvolon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| pôvôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| zomos ||rowspan=3| '''–os''' ||rowspan=3| zomôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| zomoi ||rowspan=3| '''–oi''' ||rowspan=3| zomon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| zomolon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| zomôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs'''<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| pôvor || '''–ar''' || pôvois || '''–ois''' || pôvulis || '''–ulis''' || pôvor || '''–or''' || pôvois || '''–ois''' || pôvulis || '''–ulis''' || zomor || '''–ar''' || zomois || '''–ois''' || zomulis || '''–ulis''' || zomor || '''–or''' || zomois || '''–ois''' || zomulis || '''–ulis'''<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| pôvô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| pôvovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| pôvovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || pôvô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| pôvovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| pôvovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || zomô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| zomovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| zomovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || zomô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| zomovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| zomovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' <br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| pôvol || '''–ol''' || pôvol || '''–ol''' || zomol || '''–ol''' || zomol || '''–ol''' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Adjective Infixes=<br />
<br />
The following infixes are added between the stem of the adjective and the suffix to create positive (as ... as) , comparitive (-er, more) and superlative (-est, most) forms of the adjective.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
! Infix<br />
! Example<br />
! Meaning<br />
|-<br />
! Positive || –∅– <br />
| kenis || poor<br />
|-<br />
! Comparative || –emp– <br />
| kenempis || poorer<br />
|-<br />
! Superlative || –ant– <br />
| kenantis || poorest<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Adverbs=<br />
<br />
An adverb is made from an adjective with the suffix '''–abo'''; adverbs are indeclinable. Comparative and superlative adverbs may be made using the same adjectival infixes.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
! Affix<br />
! Example<br />
! Meaning<br />
|-<br />
! Positive || –abo <br />
| kenabo || poorly<br />
|-<br />
! Comparative || –empabo <br />
| kenempabo || more poorly<br />
|-<br />
! Superlative || –antabo <br />
| kenantabo || most poorly<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Syntax of Adjectives=<br />
<br />
==Position of Adjectives==<br />
<br />
* Attributive adjectives are placed in the noun clause after the noun they modify: '''oi radam golon''' (''The sacred book'')<br />
* The article may be added before the adjective, to place emphasis on the noun, with the attributive being used as a further explanation: '''oi radam oi golon''' (''The book, i.e. the sacred one'')<br />
<br />
* Adjectives may also be placed in predicate position: '''oi radam lal golon.''' (''The book is sacred.'')<br />
* The article may be placed before the predicate adjective, serving as an impersonal pronoun: '''šê radam lal oi golon.''' (''That book is the sacred one.'')<br />
<br />
==Comparisons==<br />
<br />
* ''Than'' is expressed through ''the genitive of comparison;'' the thing which is being compared is placed in the genitive case: '''šê frêkis lal ''šokempir em brakir pemor.''''' (''This son is younger '''than his brother'''.'')<br />
<br />
* The ''degree of difference'' between the two things compared is in the dative case: '''šê frêkis lal trine fuppija ''šokempeju eus brakeju pemô.''''' (''This son is five years '''younger than his brother'''.'')<br />
<br />
* The partitive genitive is the whole of which a part is taken in the genitive. This genitive is used with nouns, adjectives, and verbs, and is especially common with superlatives and indefinite pronouns. The partitive genitive goes into the predicate position: '''''žôpos'' im frengalis''' ('''''Many''' of the men'')<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Audente&diff=18398Template:Audente2016-04-09T23:53:30Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="infobox" style="width:22em; margin-top:0.75em; background:#f4f4f4; text-align:left; font-size:90%; float:right; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding="2";<br />
! colspan="3" bgcolor="lightblue" style="text-align: center; font-size:120%;" |[[Audente language|Audente]]<br>Selôkon Audênti<br><font face="Audente">selOkon audEnti</font><br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|Pronunciation:<br />
| /auˈdɛn.ti/<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|Spoken in:<br />
| Audentior, Raynor Isles, Universalis, Hyperborea<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|Language extinction:<br />
| Developed into the [[Audentic langauges]] by 1000 ASC<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|Region:<br />
| Audentior<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|Total speakers:<br />
| 30 million by 230 ASC<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|Langauge family:<br><br />
|<br />
[[Indo-Apollic languages|Indo-Apollic]]<br><br />
&nbsp;[[Antyan languages|Antyan]]<br><br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;[[South Antyan languages|South Antyan]]<br><br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Audentic languages|Audentic]]<br><br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Audente'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" bgcolor="lightblue" style="text-align: center;"|Offical status<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|Offical language in:<br />
| [[Grace Kingdom]], [[Audentior]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|Regulated by:<br />
| TBA<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" bgcolor="lightblue" style="text-align: center;"|Langauge codes<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|MIC 639-1:<br />
| au<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|MIC 639-2:<br />
| aud<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top"|MIC 639-3:<br />
| aud<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" bgcolor="lightblue" style="text-align: center;"| &nbsp; [[Audente language#Grammar|Grammar]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Audente determiners|Determiners]] · [[Audente nouns|Nouns]] · [[Audente pronouns|Pronouns]]<br />[[Audente adjectives|Adjectives]] · [[Audente prepositions|Prepositions]] · [[Audente adverbs|Adverbs]]<br />[[Audente verbs|Verbs]] ([[Audente conjugation|conjugation]] · [[Audente irregular verbs|irregular verbs]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
[[Category:Language templates]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Audente&diff=18397Audente2016-04-09T23:53:01Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Audente}}<br />
<br />
'''Audente''' (''selôkon Audênti'', {{pronounced|au'den'ti}}), is an [[Indo-Apollic language]] that was spoken in the [[Grace Kingdom]] and the [[Audentior Independent Nation]]. It is the direct descendent of the [[Imperial Audente language]], the language of the [[Audente Empire]], having evolved from the local dialects in the Audentior province. It became the lingua franca of the [[Apollo Sector]] in the period before the collapse of the [[Second Audente Empire]].<br />
<br />
=History=<br />
<br />
Audente is a member of the [[South Antyan]] branch of the [[Indo-Apollic]] languages, and as a result, is a descendant of the Imperial Audente language. It was the indigenous dialect of the Audentior province, and its standard was based on the Airosamente dialect. Essentially mutually intelligible with its parent language, it is a matter of historical accident that it became standardized. When the [[Audente Empire]] fell and split into the Grace Kingdom and the United Republic, the descendant dialects clamored for recognition, Audente was quickly adopted by the more conservative Grace Kingdom in order to appease the masses, desperate to get away from the ancient imperial regime. As it was a conservative dialect, standardizing the language proved to be particularly simple. One character was added to the Audente alphabet, '''ñ.''' Once the Grace Kingdom united with the United Republic, Audente quickly became the lingua franca of Apollonia, much like Imperial Audente beforehand. When the provinces finally splintered off, it remained in its prestige as a lingua franca, although it retained its status as official language only in its indigenous areas. Audente remained a lingua franca well after the collapse of the Second Audente Empire, being the offical language of the Apollo Confederacy and the Fifth Republic of Audentior, whose population consisted of mostly non-native speakers. Long after the language evolved into separate Audente language and other international langauges like Jasonian and Atteran were used, Audente remained the language of science and philosophy. While long dead, it remains today as a prestigious ancient tongue, much like Greek, Latin, or Sanskrit on the planet Earth.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Phonetic changes==<br />
Phonetic changes include:<br />
<br />
* ng, nk > ŋ (/ŋ/ was already an allophone of /n/ before velar plosives)<br />
* {{IPA|aː, eː}} > ɛ <br />
* {{IPA|oː}} > ɔ<br />
* w > β<br />
* Intervocalic {{IPA|ɸ}} and ɸ before r > β<br />
* Word final β > ɸ<br />
* The loss of distinctive vowel length<br />
* Assimilation of nasals to /l/ and /r/ (ml > ll, mr > rr, etc)<br />
<br />
The loss of phonemic vowel length led to the loss of the use of the Imperial Audente letters '''â''', '''î''', and '''û'''. The characters '''ê''' and '''ô''' were kept for the still distinctive former long vowels. ( ɛ ɔ ) In addition, a new character '''ñ''' (Probably derived from the characters '''n''' + '''g''') was constructed to represent the new phoneme ŋ.<br />
<br />
=Phonology=<br />
==Consonants==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center"<br />
|+caption | '''Table of Audente consonants'''<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Alveolar<br />
! Post-<br>alveolar<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Glottal<br />
|- align=center<br />
! Nasal<br />
| {{IPA|m}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA|n}}<br />
| <br />
|{{IPA|(ŋ)<sup>1</sup>}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- align=center<br />
! Stop<br />
| {{IPA|p &nbsp; b}}<br />
| {{IPA|t̪ &nbsp; d̪}}<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|k &nbsp; g}}<br />
|<br />
|- align=center<br />
! Affricate<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA|t͡s &nbsp; d͡z}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- align=center<br />
! Fricative<br />
| {{IPA|f &nbsp; v}}<br />
| {{IPA|θ }}<br />
| {{IPA|s }}<br />
| {{IPA|ʃ &nbsp; ʒ}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|x}}<br />
| <br />
|- align=center<br />
! Trill<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|r}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|- align=center<br />
! Approximant<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|j}}<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|- align=center<br />
! Lateral<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|{{IPA|l}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
# [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before velars. In addition, velar-nasal consonant clusters neutralize to a geminated /ŋː/, phonemically /gn/. <br />
<br />
* The voiceless stops are never aspirated, unlike English.<br />
<br />
===Allophones===<br />
<br />
There are a couple of consonant phonemes that have allophones.<br />
<br />
* [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants (/k/, /g/, /x/)<br />
* /θ/ and /x/ have voiced allophones intervocally. ([ð] and [ɣ]) The intervocal voiced allophone of /f/, [v], merged with /v/.<br />
* /x/ is [χ] in boundary with /r/.<br />
* /r/ has the following allophones in complementary distribution:<br />
# [ʁ] after /x/,<br />
# [ʀ] before /x/,<br />
# [ɹ] after a consonant in a syllable onset,<br />
# [r] elsewhere.<br />
<br />
==Vowels==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Monophthongs===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
!<br />
!Front<br />
!Back<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Close<br />
|{{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|u}}<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Close-mid<br />
|{{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|o}}<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Open-mid<br />
|{{IPA|ɛ}} || {{IPA|ɔ}}<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Open <br />
|colspan="2"|{{IPA|a}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The monophthongs are identical to that of Vulgar Latin. /ɛ/ is like the '''e''' in b'''e'''t and /ɔ/ is like the '''aw''' in l'''aw'''. There is no phonemic vowel length in Audente. There is no phonemic distinction between long and short vowels. However, vowels in stressed syllables are long. Orthographically, when transliterated in the Latin alphabet, /ɛ/ is spelled ê, and /ɔ/ is spelled ô.<br />
<br />
===Diphthongs===<br />
<br />
There are four diphthongs in Audente; all of them are falling diphthongs. There are also two ''former'' diphthongs, /ei/ and /ou/, which while are normally monophthongized to /e/ or /ɛ/ and /o/ or /ɔ/, act as diphthongs in some phonological processes, such as sandhi.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
!<br />
!i<br />
!u<br />
|-align=center<br />
!a<br />
| ai || au<br />
|-align=center<br />
!e<br />
| || eu<br />
|-align=center<br />
!o<br />
| oi ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Orthography=<br />
<br />
Audente has its own alphabet, to be developed later. Audente can be transliterated into the Latin alphabet - it is done so mostly on a one-to-one phoneme-to-grapheme basis, with the exception of the vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. There are no silent letters.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-align=center<br />
! Phoneme<br />
! Grapheme<br>(Audente)<br />
! Grapheme<br>(Latin)<br />
! Grapheme<br>(Alternate<br> Latin)<br />
|-align=center<br />
! colspan="5" | '''Consonants'''<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /p/ || <font face="Audente">p</font> || p || p<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /b/ || <font face="Audente">b</font> || b || b<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /t/ || <font face="Audente">t</font> || t || t<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /d/ || <font face="Audente">d</font> || d || d<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /k/ || <font face="Audente">k</font> || k || k<br />
|-align=center <br />
| /g/ || <font face="Audente">g</font> || g || g<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /t͡s/ || <font face="Audente">c</font> || c || ts<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /d͡z/ || <font face="Audente">z</font> || z || dz<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /ɸ/ || <font face="Audente">f</font> || f || f<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /β/ || <font face="Audente">v</font> || v || w<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /θ/ || <font face="Audente">T</font> || þ || th<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /s/ || <font face="Audente">s</font> || s || s<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /ʃ/ || <font face="Audente">S</font> || š || sh<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /ʒ/ || <font face="Audente">Z</font> || ž || zh<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /x/ || <font face="Audente">x</font> || x || kh<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /m/ || <font face="Audente">m</font> || m || m<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /n/ || <font face="Audente">n</font> || n || n<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /ŋ/ || <font face="Audente">N</font> || ñ || ng<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /l/ || <font face="Audente">l</font> || l || l<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /ɹ/ || <font face="Audente">v</font> || r || r<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /j/ || <font face="Audente">j</font> || j || y<br />
|-align=center<br />
! colspan="5" | '''Vowels'''<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /i/ || <font face="Audente">i</font> || i || i<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /u/ || <font face="Audente">u</font> || u || u<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /e/ || <font face="Audente">e</font> || e || e<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /ɛ/ || <font face="Audente">E</font> || ê || ei<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /ɔ/ || <font face="Audente">O</font> || ô || ou<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /o/ || <font face="Audente">o</font> || o || o<br />
|-align=center<br />
| /a/ || <font face="Audente">a</font> || a || a<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
<br />
Audente is a highly inflective language, very much so like latin and greek. There is a fairly free word order, but the default word order is SOV. The order of words is head-first. There is a definite article, but no indefinite article. Questions are formed by creating a statement as usual and placing the particle "cin" (pronounced /t͡sin/) after the verb. The adposition order is time-manner-place. Negatives are done by placing the article "uk" before the verb. Auxilary verbs are placed after the verb.<br />
<br />
==Sandhi==<br />
<br />
Audente has sandhi at ''internal'' word boundaries for both consonants and vowels.<br />
<br />
===Vowel Sandhi===<br />
<br />
Vowel sandhi change to remove hiatuses within the word. This may be done by creating a diphthong (which may have monophthized since Imperial Audente) or adding an approximant ([i] or [v] depending on the vowel) What the mutated sound becomes depends on whether the sound is at the beginning of word, or in the middle or end. The ''general rule'' is that ''front vowels' add a [j], and ''back vowels'' (including [a]) add a [v].<br />
<br />
====Vowel Sandhi - Word Initial====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-align=center<br />
|<br />
| '''-i'''<br />
| '''-e'''<br />
| '''-a'''<br />
| '''-o'''<br />
| '''-u'''<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''i-'''<br />
| ji- || je- || ja- || jo- || ju-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''e-'''<br />
| e- || e- || eja- || ejo- || eu-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''a-'''<br />
| ai- || ai- || ê- || au- || au-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''o-'''<br />
| oi- || oi- || ova- || ô- || o-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''u-'''<br />
| vi- || ve- || va- || vo- || vu-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Vowel Sandhi - Word Medial====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-align=center<br />
|<br />
| '''-i'''<br />
| '''-e'''<br />
| '''-a'''<br />
| '''-o'''<br />
| '''-u'''<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''i-'''<br />
| -i- || -ije- || -ija- || -ijo- || -iju-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''e-'''<br />
| -eji- || -e- || -eja- || -ejo- || -eu-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''a-'''<br />
| -ai- || -ave- || -ê- || -avo- || -au-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''o-'''<br />
| -oi- || -ove- || -ova- || -ô- || -o-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''u-'''<br />
| -uvi- || -uve- || -uva- || -uvo- || -u-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Vowel Sandhi - Word Final====<br />
The only differences in the sandhi compared to the word medial sandhi, is that [o] + [u] become [ô], and [e] + [i] become [ê].<br />
<br />
====Diphthong Sandhi====<br />
Diphthongs (and former diphthongs from Imperial Audente) work slightly differently when it comes across internal morpheme boundries; the semivowel part of the diphthong becomes an approximant; essentially, [i] -> [j] and [u] -> [v].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-align=center<br />
|<br />
| '''-i'''<br />
| '''-e'''<br />
| '''-a'''<br />
| '''-o'''<br />
| '''-u'''<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''e- (ei)'''<br />
| -eji- || -eje- || -eja- || -ejo- || -eju-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''eu-'''<br />
| -evi- || -eve- || -eva- || -evo- || -evu-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''ai-'''<br />
| -aji- || -aje- || -aja- || -ajo- || -aju-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''au-'''<br />
| -avi- || -ave- || -ava- || -avo- || -avu-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''oi-'''<br />
| -oji- || -oje- || -oja- || -ojo- || -oju-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''o- (ou)'''<br />
| -ovi- || -ove- || -ova- || -ovo- || -ovu-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Consonantal Sandhi===<br />
<br />
While there are other sandhi, there is one basic rule for consonant modification at morpheme boundries, for the plosives and most fricatives:<br />
<br />
* When a plosive ([p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]) or fricative ([f] [þ] [x]) appear next to each other, the first assimilates to the characteristic (voice, friciative/plosive) of the second. <br />
** This applies fully to two stops. Fricatives are more complex. This applies fully to [þ] and [x] in the initial position. A root with a hidden [f] (which may be [v] intervocally] applies normally like the other main fricatives.<br />
** This rule ''does not apply to resonants.''<br />
<br />
<br />
====Consonant Sandhi====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-align=center<br />
|<br />
| '''-p'''<br />
| '''-t'''<br />
| '''-k'''<br />
| '''-b'''<br />
| '''-d'''<br />
| '''-g'''<br />
| '''-f'''<br />
| '''-þ'''<br />
| '''-x'''<br />
| '''-š'''<br />
| '''-ž'''<br />
| '''-m'''<br />
| '''-n'''<br />
| '''-ñ'''<br />
| '''-l'''<br />
| '''-r'''<br />
| '''-s'''<br />
| '''-j'''<br />
| '''-v'''<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''p-'''<br />
| -pp- || -pt- || -pk- || -bb- || -bd- || -bg- || -ff- || -fþ- || -fx- || -pš- || -bž- || -pm- || -pn- || -pñ- || -pl || -pr || -ps- || -pj- || -pv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''t-'''<br />
| -tp- || -tt- || -tk- || -db- || -dd- || -dg- || -þf- || -þþ- || -þx- || -š- || -ž- || -tm- || -tn- || -tñ- || -tl- || -tr || -c- || -c- || -tv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''k-'''<br />
| -kp- || -kt- || -kk- || -gb- || -gd- || -gg- || -xf- || -xþ- || -xx- || -kš- || -gž- || -km- || -kn- || -kñ- || -kl- || -kr- || -ks- || -kj- || -kv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''b-'''<br />
| -pp- || -pt- || -pk- || -bb- || -bd- || -bg- || -ff- || -fþ- || -fx- || -pš- || -bž- || -bm- || -bn- || -bñ- || -pl || -pr || -ps- || -bj- || -bv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''d-'''<br />
| -tp- || -tt- || -tk- || -db- || -dd- || -dg- || -þf- || -þþ- || -þx- || -š- || -ž- || -dm- || -dn- || -dñ- || -tl- || -tr || -z- || -z- || -dv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''g-'''<br />
| -kp- || -kt- || -kk- || -gb- || -gd- || -gg- || -xf- || -xþ- || -xx- || -kš- || -gž- || -gm- || -gn- || -gñ- || -kl- || -kr- || -ks- || -gj- || -gv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''f-'''<br />
| -pp- || -pt- || -pk- || -bb- || -bd- || -bg- || -ff- || -fþ- || -fx- || -pš- || -bž- || -vm- || -vn- || -vñ- || -fl || -fr || -ps- || -vj- || -v-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''þ-'''<br />
| -tp- || -tt- || -tk- || -db- || -dd- || -dg- || -þf- || -þþ- || -þx- || -š- || -ž- || -þm- || -þn- || -þñ- || -þl- || -þr || -c- || -c- || -þv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''x-'''<br />
| -kp- || -kt- || -kk- || -gb- || -gd- || -gg- || -xf- || -xþ- || -xx- || -kš- || -gž- || -xm- || -xn- || -xñ- || -xl- || -xr- || -ks- || -xj- || -xv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''š-'''<br />
| -šp- || -št- || -šk- || -žb- || -žd- || -žg- || -ff- || -þþ- || -xx- || -š- || -ž- || -šm- || -šn- || -šñ- || -ll- || -rr- || -ss- || -š- || -šv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''ž-'''<br />
| -šp- || -št- || -šk- || -žb- || -žd- || -žg- || -ff- || -þþ- || -xx- || -š- || -ž- || -žm- || -žn- || -žñ- || -ll- || -rr- || -ss- || -ž- || -žv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''m-'''<br />
| -mp- || -nt- || -ñ- || -mp- || -nt- || -ñ- || -mp- || -nt- || -ñ- || -š- || -ž- || -mm- || -mm- || -mm- || -ll- || -mbr- || -s- || -mj- || -mv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''n-'''<br />
| -mp- || -nt- || -ñ- || -mp- || -nt- || -ñ- || -mp- || -nt- || -ñ- || -š- || -ž- || -nn- || -nn- || -nn- || -ll- || -ndr- || -s- || -nj- || -nv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''ñ-'''<br />
| -mp- || -nt- || -ñ- || -mp- || -nt- || -ñ- || -mp- || -nt- || -ñ- || -š- || -ž- || -ñ- || -ñ- || -ñ- || -ll- || -ñgr- || -s- || -ñj- || -ñv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''l-'''<br />
| -lp- || -lt- || -lk- || -lb- || -ld- || -lg- || -lf- || -lþ- || -lx- || -ll- || -ll- || -ll- || -ll- || -ll- || -ll- || -ll || -ls- || -ll- || -lv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''r-'''<br />
| -rp- || -rt- || -rk- || -rb- || -rd- || -rg- || -rf- || -rþ- || -rx- || -rr- || -rr- || -rr- || -rr- || -rr- || -ll- || -ll || -rs- || -rr- || -rv-<br />
|-align=center<br />
! '''s-'''<br />
| -sp- || -st- || -sk- || -sp- || -z- || -sk- || -sp- || -st- || -sk- || -ss- || -ss- || -:m- || -:n- || -:ñ- || -skl- || -str- || -ss- || -š- || -sv-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Nominal Declension==<br />
<br />
Audente nouns inflect into:<br />
<br />
* one of six '''cases:''' nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, genitive, and vocative.<br />
* one of two '''grammatical classes''', as opposed to grammatical gender: animate and inanimate. Grammatical class can be easily determined by the nominative singular form of a noun; if it ends with ''-as'', ''-on'', ''-is'', or ''e'', the noun is animate; if the noun ends in ''-am'', ''-on'', ''-i'' or ''-u'', the noun is inanimate.<br />
* one of three '''numbers''': singular, dual, and plural. <br />
<br />
There are eight declensions; four for animate nouns, and four for inanimate nouns.<br />
<br />
===Animate Noun Declension===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="6" | ''suvas, -as''<br>water an.<br />
! colspan="6" | ''atos, -os''<br> sun an.<br />
! colspan="6" | ''sevis, -is''<br> blood an.<br />
! colspan="6" | ''vipose, -e''<br>eye an.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Dual<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Dual<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Dual<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Dual<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| suvas || '''–as''' || rowspan="3" | suvaus || rowspan="3" | '''–aus''' || rowspan="2" | suvai || rowspan="2" | '''–ai''' || atos || '''–os''' || rowspan="3" | atôs || rowspan="3" | '''–ôs''' || rowspan="2" | atoi || rowspan="2" | '''–oi''' || sevis || '''–is''' || rowspan="3" | seviju || rowspan="3" | '''–iju''' || rowspan="2" | sevê || rowspan="2" | '''–ê''' || vipose || '''–e''' || rowspan="3" | viposeus || rowspan="3" | '''–eus'''|| rowspan="2" | viposê || rowspan="2" | '''–ê'''<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
| suve || '''–e''' || ato || '''–o''' || sevi || '''–i''' || viposê || '''–ê'''<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| suvam || '''–am''' || suvis || '''–is''' || atôn || '''–ôn''' || atus || '''–us''' || sevi || '''–i''' || sevijes || '''–ijes''' || viposem || '''–em''' || viposis || '''–is'''<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| suvar || '''–ar''' || suvais || '''–ais''' || suvalis || '''–alis''' || ator || '''–or''' || atois || '''–ois''' || atulis || '''–ulis''' || sevir || '''–ir''' || sevis || '''–is''' || sevelis || '''–elis''' || viposer || '''–er''' || viposês || '''–ês''' || viposelis || '''–elis'''<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| suvau || '''–au''' || rowspan="2" | suvavas || rowspan="2" | '''–avas''' || rowspan="2" | suvavan || rowspan="2" | '''–avan''' || atô || '''–ô''' || rowspan="2" | atovas || rowspan="2" | '''–ovas''' || rowspan="2" | atovan || rowspan="2" | '''–ovan''' || seviju || '''–eju''' || rowspan="2" | sevivas || rowspan="2" | '''–ivas''' || rowspan="2" | sevivam || rowspan="2" | '''–ivam''' || viposeu || '''–eu''' || rowspan="2" | viposevas || rowspan="2" | '''–evas''' || rowspan="2" | viposevan || rowspan="2" | '''–evan'''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| suval || '''–al''' || atol || '''–ol''' || sevil || '''–il''' || viposel || '''–el'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Inanimate Noun Declension===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
!colspan=6| ''kuþam, -am''<br>axe in.<br />
!colspan=6| ''plêvon, -on''<br> feather in.<br />
!colspan=6| ''koli, -i''<br>farm in.<br />
!colspan=6| ''lamu, -u''<br>land in.<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
!colspan=2| Singular<br />
!colspan=2| Dual<br />
!colspan=2| Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative <br />
|rowspan=3| kuþam ||rowspan=3| '''–am''' ||rowspan=3| kuþalon ||rowspan=3| '''–alon''' ||rowspan=3| kuþa ||rowspan=3| '''–a''' ||rowspan=3| plêvon ||rowspan=3| '''–on''' ||rowspan=3| plêvolon ||rowspan=3| '''–olon''' ||rowspan=3| plêvôs ||rowspan=3| '''–ôs''' ||rowspan=3| koli ||rowspan=3| '''–i''' ||rowspan=3| kolilon ||rowspan=3| '''–ilon''' ||rowspan=3| kolija ||rowspan=3| '''–ija''' ||rowspan=3| lamu ||rowspan=3| '''–u''' ||rowspan=3| lamulon ||rowspan=3| '''–ulon'''||rowspan=3| lamus ||rowspan=3| '''–us'''<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| kuþar || '''–ar''' || kuþais || '''–ais''' || kuþalis || '''–alis''' || plêvor || '''–or''' || plêvois || '''–ois''' || plêvulis || '''–ulis''' || kolir || '''–ir''' || kolis || '''–is''' || kolelis || '''–elis''' || lamur || '''–ur''' || lamês || '''–ês''' || lamulis || '''–ulis'''<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| kuþau || '''–au''' ||rowspan=2| kuþavas ||rowspan=2| '''–avas''' ||rowspan=2| kuþavan ||rowspan=2| '''–avan''' || plêvô || '''–ô''' ||rowspan=2| plêvovas ||rowspan=2| '''–ovas''' ||rowspan=2| plêvovan ||rowspan=2| '''–ovan''' || koleju || '''–eju''' ||rowspan=2| kolivas ||rowspan=2| '''–ivas''' ||rowspan=2| kolivam ||rowspan=2| '''–ivam''' || lamevu || '''–evu''' ||rowspan=2| lamuvas ||rowspan=2| '''–uvas''' ||rowspan=2| lamuvan ||rowspan=2| '''–uvan'''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| kuþal || '''–al''' || plêvol || '''–ol''' || kolil || '''–il''' || lamul || '''–ul'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Note that for inanimate nouns, the accusative and vocative are identical to the nominative.<br />
<br />
===Case Usage===<br />
<br />
====Nominative====<br />
The nominative is used for the subject of a sentence, and also for predicate nominals. <br />
<br />
'''''Ê varnis'' mejanê mepal kêtof.'''<br><br />
'''''The boy''' loves to eat apples.''<br />
<br />
====Accusative====<br />
The accusative case is used for the direct object. <br />
<br />
'''Ê varnis ''mejanê'' mepal kêtof. '''<br><br />
''The boy loves to eat '''apples.'''''<br />
<br />
In addition, the instrumental case serves as an allative case (motion to) when used with prepositions.<br />
<br />
====Dative====<br />
The dative case is used for the indirect object. <br />
<br />
'''Ê kašas an coxôn ''eus rakeuxô'' nezal.'''<br><br />
''The King gave the cup to '''the stranger.'''''<br />
<br />
In addition, the dative case serves as a locative case (spatial approximation) when used with prepositions.<br />
<br />
====Genitive====<br />
The genitive expresses possession: '''Ê sorile ''em kašar''''' "'''the king's''' wife"<br />
<br />
====Instrumental====<br />
The instrumental expresses what an action is performed with. <br />
<br />
'''Bêkrakas zeganon eus eto þrindô ''trigol'' razal.'''<br><br />
''Bêkrakas wrote a letter on the paper '''with ink.'''''<br />
<br />
In addition, the instrumental case serves as an ablative case (motion from) when used with prepositions.<br />
<br />
The instrumental is also used to create adverbs.<br />
<br />
===Vocative===<br />
The vocative expresses the person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed. The vocative is identical to the nominative for inanimate nouns.<br />
<br />
''"'''Bêkrake'', nagu nar!"'''<br><br />
''"Bêkrakas, come here!"''<br />
<br />
==Adjectives and Adverbs==<br />
{{Main|Audente adjectives}}<br />
<br />
==The Article==<br />
Audente only has a definite article; there is no indefinite article. The article has an irregular declenation, and must agree with the case, number, and animacy of the noun. The article always precedes its noun; e.g. '''Ê frengas''' (the man) The article is the prototypical demonstrative, and many of the demonstratives (as well as the personal pronouns) are derived from it.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="3" | Animate<br />
! colspan="3" | Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
|-<br />
! '''Nominative'''<br />
| ê || aus || ên || oi || us || oin<br />
|-<br />
! '''Accusative'''<br />
| an || aus || ena || on || us || oina<br />
|-<br />
! '''Genitive'''<br />
| em || êm || im || ô || umo || omi<br />
|-<br />
! '''Dative'''<br />
| eus || eun || enis || ona || ôs || onus<br />
|-<br />
! '''Instrumental'''<br />
| as || eun || enis || osi || ôs || onus<br />
|-<br />
! '''Vocative'''<br />
| el || êli || ak || ul || uli || uk<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns and Demonstratives==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="3" |<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | '''First Person'''<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | '''Second Person'''<br />
! colspan="6" | '''Third Person'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | '''Animate'''<br />
! colspan="3" | '''Inanimate'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
|-<br />
! '''Nominative'''<br />
| tê || taus || noi || kê || kaus || doi || pê || paus || zên || poi || pus || zoin<br />
|-<br />
! '''Accusative'''<br />
| tan || taus || nus || kan || kaus || dus || pan || paus || zena || pon || pus || zoina<br />
|-<br />
! '''Genitive'''<br />
| tem || têm || nulos || kem || kêm || dulos || pem || pêm || zim || pô || pumo || zomi<br />
|-<br />
! '''Dative'''<br />
| teus || teun || novan || keus || keun || dovan || peus || peun || zenis || pona || pôs || zonus<br />
|-<br />
! '''Instrumental'''<br />
| tas || teun || novan || kas || keun || dovan || pas || peun || zenis || posi || pôs || zonus<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Demonstratives===<br />
<br />
There are two demonstratives, proximal (''this'') and distal (''that'').<br />
<br />
====Proximal Demonstrative====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="3" | Animate<br />
! colspan="3" | Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
|-<br />
! '''Nominative'''<br />
| šê || šaus || šên || šoi || šus || šoin<br />
|-<br />
! '''Accusative'''<br />
| šan || šaus || šena || šon || šus || šoina<br />
|-<br />
! '''Genitive'''<br />
| šem || šêm || šim || šô || šumo || šomi<br />
|-<br />
! '''Dative'''<br />
| šeus || šeun || šenis || šona || šôs || šonus<br />
|-<br />
! '''Instrumental'''<br />
| šas || šeun || šenis || šosi || šôs || šonus<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Distal Demonstrative====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="3" | Animate<br />
! colspan="3" | Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
|-<br />
! '''Nominative'''<br />
| žê || žaus || žên || žoi || žus || žoin<br />
|-<br />
! '''Accusative'''<br />
| žan || žaus || žena || žon || žus || žoina<br />
|-<br />
! '''Genitive'''<br />
| žem || žêm || žim || žô || žumo || žomi<br />
|-<br />
! '''Dative'''<br />
| žeus || žeun || ženis || žona || žôs || žonus<br />
|-<br />
! '''Instrumental'''<br />
| žas || žeun || ženis || žosi || žôs || žonus<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interrogative/RelativeIndefinite Pronoun===<br />
<br />
These pronouns are related. The indefinite pronoun (someone, anyone) is derived from the relative pronoun (who?, what?) by the addition of a clitic, -te, and the interrogative pronoun (who? what?) uses the clitic -ci.<br />
<br />
====Relative Pronoun (who, what)====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="3" | Animate<br />
! colspan="3" | Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
|-<br />
! '''Nominative'''<br />
| xê || xaus || xên || xoi || xus || xoin<br />
|-<br />
! '''Accusative'''<br />
| xan || xaus || xena || xon || xus || xoina<br />
|-<br />
! '''Genitive'''<br />
| xem || xêm || xim || xô || xumo || xomi<br />
|-<br />
! '''Dative'''<br />
| xeus || xeun || xenis || xona || xôs || xonus<br />
|-<br />
! '''Instrumental'''<br />
| xas || xeun || xenis || xosi || xôs || xonus<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Interrogative Pronoun (who?, what?)====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="3" | Animate<br />
! colspan="3" | Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
|-<br />
! '''Nominative'''<br />
| xêci || xaussi || xêneci || xoici || xussi || xoissi<br />
|-<br />
! '''Accusative'''<br />
| xassi || xaussi || xenaci || xossi || xussi || xoinaci<br />
|-<br />
! '''Genitive'''<br />
| xessi || xêssi || xissi || xôci || xumoci || xomici<br />
|-<br />
! '''Dative'''<br />
| xeussi || xeuneci || xenissi || xonaci || xôssi || xonussi<br />
|-<br />
! '''Instrumental'''<br />
| xassi || xeuneci || xenissi || xosici || xôssi || xonussi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Indefinite Pronoun (someone, anyone)====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="3" | Animate<br />
! colspan="3" | Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
|-<br />
! '''Nominative'''<br />
| xête || xauste || xênte || xoite || xuste || xointe<br />
|-<br />
! '''Accusative'''<br />
| xante || xauste || xenate || xonte || xuste || xoinate<br />
|-<br />
! '''Genitive'''<br />
| xente || xênte || xinte || xôte || xumote || xomite<br />
|-<br />
! '''Dative'''<br />
| xeuste || xeunte || xeniste || xonate || xôste || xonuste<br />
|-<br />
! '''Instrumental'''<br />
| xaste || xeunte || xeniste || xosite || xôste || xonuste<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===??? Pronoun===<br />
<br />
The demonstrative is used for ''something'' but I don't know what.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="3" | Animate<br />
! colspan="3" | Inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
| '''Sing.'''<br />
| '''Dual'''<br />
| '''Plur.'''<br />
|-<br />
! '''Nominative'''<br />
| þê || þaus || þên || þoi || þus || þoin<br />
|-<br />
! '''Accusative'''<br />
| þan || þaus || þena || þon || þus || þoina<br />
|-<br />
! '''Genitive'''<br />
| þem || þêm || þim || þô || þumo || þomi<br />
|-<br />
! '''Dative'''<br />
| þeus || þeun || þenis || þona || þôs || þonus<br />
|-<br />
! '''Instrumental'''<br />
| þas || þeun || þenis || þosi || þôs || þonus<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other pronouns and determiners===<br />
<br />
==Prepositions==<br />
<br />
Audente has quite a few prepositions; however, a good many of them have multiple meanings. Prepositions govern the accusative, dative, and instrumental cases of the noun of the prepositional phrase. Some prepositions govern only a single case, but others govern can govern two or three; the preposition has different meanings depending on the case. The dative case signifies spacial approximation, the instrumental case signifies movement from or the marking the source, and the accusative case signifies movement to or marking the goal. There are some redundancies in the prepositions.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+caption | '''Audente Prepositions'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Dative Only Prepositions<br />
|-align=center<br />
| es ||colspan="3" | at (same location as, temporal)<br />
|-align=center<br />
| salu ||colspan="3" | outside of, exterior to <br />
|-align=center<br />
! colspan="4" | Instrumental Only<br />
|-align=center<br />
| ani ||colspan="3" | instead of, rather than<br />
|-align=center<br />
| aši ||colspan="3" | from, out of, away from <br />
|-align=center<br />
| cun ||colspan="3" | with (accompanied by)<br />
|-align=center<br />
| diþa ||colspan="3" | during<br />
|-align=center<br />
| maf ||colspan="3" | within<br />
|-align=center<br />
| mera ||colspan="3" | across<br />
|-align=center<br />
| nes ||colspan="3" | before, in front of, ahead of (spatially)<br />
|-align=center<br />
| teli ||colspan="3" | because of, due to <br />
|-align=center<br />
| piso ||colspan="3" | behind, in back of, to the rear of <br />
|-align=center<br />
| þu ||colspan="3" | before, prior to, earlier than <br />
|-align=center<br />
| zema ||colspan="3" | without, lacking<br />
|-align=center<br />
! colspan="4" | Accusative Only<br />
|-align=center<br />
| al ||colspan="3" | to<br />
|-align=center<br />
| ben ||colspan="3" | for, in favor of, how long<br />
|-align=center<br />
| nan ||colspan="3" | towards, at (moving toward)<br />
|-align=center<br />
| sen ||colspan="3" | after (later than; in the future of)<br />
|-align=center<br />
| teþa ||colspan="3" | like, similar to<br />
|-align=center<br />
! colspan="4" | Instrumental-Accusative<br />
|-align=center<br />
! colspan="2" | Preposition<br />
! Instrumental<br />
! Accusative<br />
|-align=center<br />
|colspan="2"| pano || over, above || beyond, farther than, exceeding<br />
|-align=center<br />
|colspan="2"| daki || under (locative), against || under (motion toward)<br />
|-align=center<br />
|colspan="2"| dama || through (spacial/means) || through (owing to cause/person)<br />
|-align=center<br />
! colspan="4" | All Three Cases<br />
|-align=center<br />
! Preposition<br />
! Dative<br />
! Instrumental<br />
! Accusative<br />
|-align=center<br />
| dan || near, in addition to || in the name of, from || toward, looking to, purpose<br />
|-align=center<br />
| er || in (located inside of) || in from || into<br />
|-align=center<br />
| eto || on, upon (general relations) || off, pertaining to || onto, over<br />
|-align=center<br />
| xara || around (locative) || about, concerning || around (motion, actions)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbal Morphology==<br />
<br />
Audente Verbs inflect into:<br />
<br />
* one of four '''moods:''' indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and optative.<br />
* one of three '''voices:''' active, middle, and passive.<br />
* one of three '''persons:''' first, singular, and third.<br />
* one of two '''numbers:''' singular and plural.<br />
* one of three '''aspects''': perfect, perfective, and imperfective.<br />
* one of seven '''tenses:''' present, perfect, aorist, imperfect, pluperfect, future, and future perfect.<br />
* There are also two '''non-finite forms:''' infinitive and participle, in present, perfect, aorist, and future forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Basics of Conjugation and Sandhi===<br />
<br />
The verb is, for the most part, very regular, with one genuine conjugation. The general pattern of the Audente verb is as follows:<br />
<br />
* '''augment''' + '''stem''' + '''affix''' + '''suffix'''<br />
<br />
The augment primarily functions as a voice modifier, modifying the verb to either the middle voice or passive voice. The suffix of the verb is specific to the person, number, and mood of the verb. The affix, usually a single consonant but sometimes more, is specific to the tense and aspect of the verb.<br />
<br />
The irregularity of the verb primarily is in the coda of the stem, and depends on the coda of the stem and the first letter of the affix used. The consonant clusters formed from the stem final and affix initial can change through sandhi, the results of which are shown in the following table.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="4" | Affix Initial<br />
|- align=center<br />
| '''Stem Final'''<br />
| -<br />
| '''s-'''<br />
| '''r-'''<br />
| '''n-'''<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-p'''<br />
| -p(p)-<sup>1</sup> || -ps- || -pr- || -pn-<br />
<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-t'''<br />
| -t(t)-<sup>1</sup> || -c- || -tr- || -tn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-k'''<br />
| -k(k)-<sup>1</sup> || -ks- || -kr- || -kn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-b'''<br />
| -b- || -ps- || -pr- || -bn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-d'''<br />
| -d- || -z- || -tr- || -dn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-g'''<br />
| -g- || -ks- || -kr- || -gn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-f'''<sup>2</sup><br />
| -v- || -ps- || -vr- || -vn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-þ'''<br />
| -þ- || -c- || -þr- || -þn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-x'''<br />
| -x- || -ks- || -xr- || -xn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-l'''<br />
| -l- || -ls- || -lr- || -ll-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-r'''<br />
| -r- || -rs- || -rr- || -rn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-s'''<br />
| -r-, -s-<sup>3</sup> || -ss- || -str- || -sn-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-j'''<br />
| -j- || -(i)s-<sup>4</sup> || -(i)r-<sup>4</sup> || -(i)n-<sup>4</sup><br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-v'''<sup>5</sup><br />
| -j- || -(u)s-<sup>6</sup> || -(u)r-<sup>6</sup> || -(u)n-<sup>6</sup><br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-m'''<br />
| -m- || -ːs-<sup>6</sup> || -mbr- || -mm-<br />
|- align=center<br />
! '''-n'''<br />
| -n- || -ːs-<sup>6</sup> || -ndr- || -nn-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
# Consonant is geminated if previous vowel is historically short. (i.e. /a/, /e/, /o/, and sometimes /i/ or /u/) This can be shown in the present infinitive form of the verb.<br />
# Historical '''*-f'''. this final stem consonant is never the value of /ɸ/ due to sound changes. It is put here only to differentiate it from '''*-v''', the sandhi of which is different.<br />
# stem becomes '''-r-''' when it is between two vowels.<br />
# An i is added to create a diphthong with the preceding vowel if it is possible in these sandhi. That is, '''a''' + '''j''' = ai, '''o''' + '''j''' = '''oi''', '''ô''' + '''j''' = '''ôi'''. Also, '''e''' + '''j''' = ê. Else, the coda is lost.<br />
# Historical '''*-v''', which was /w/ in Imperial Audente. Differs from historical /ɸ/ in the sandhi.<br />
# An u is added to create a diphthong with the preceding vowel if it is possible in these sandhi. That is, '''a''' + '''v''' = au, '''e''' + '''v''' = '''eu''', '''ê''' + '''v''' = '''êu'''. Also, '''o''' + '''v''' = '''ô'''. Else, the coda is lost.<br />
# If there is a preceding vowel, it is historically lengthened. In Audente, this means that '''a''' or '''e''' is changed to ê, and '''o''' is changed to '''ô'''. Else, there is no change.<br />
<br />
===Conjugation tables===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Copula===<br />
<br />
=Derivational Morphology=<br />
<br />
==Compound Words==<br />
<br />
Compound words are, for the most part left-branching. That is, the modifier comes before the head. The stem of the modifier is used as the affix to the compound word, while the suffix of the nominal In noun-noun and verb-noun compounds, the suffix of the created noun is that of its nominal head. For example, '''capon''' (bow) + '''vakos''' (person) = '''capvakos''' (archer, bowman). <br />
<br />
Compounds, on the other hand, are right-branching, with the modifier coming after the nominal head: For example, '''vuvaros sôberos''' (northern wind), '''mejanis renêdi''' (red apple)<br />
<br />
==Nominalizers==<br />
<br />
==Adjectivizers==<br />
<br />
==Verbalizers==<br />
<br />
=Syntax=<br />
<br />
==Word order==<br />
<br />
==Case usage==<br />
<br />
==Noun phrases==<br />
<br />
===Numbers===<br />
<br />
===Comparative expressions===<br />
<br />
===Prepositions===<br />
<br />
==Tense usage==<br />
<br />
===Infinitive===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Tenses===<br />
<br />
====Present Tense====<br />
<br />
The present tense can be used to express an action at the present, a state of being, or a habitual action at the present. It has an imperfective aspect.<br />
<br />
'''''Farsal.'''''<br><br />
''It '''rains.''' / It '''is raining.'''''<br />
<br />
====Perfect Tense====<br />
<br />
The perfect tense is a present tense with a perfect aspect. It is used to express action that has been completed with respect to the present.<br />
<br />
'''Ê frengas an kašam ''malral.'''''<br><br />
''The man '''has seen''' the king.''<br />
<br />
====Aorist Tense====<br />
<br />
In the indicative mood, the aorist tense refers to a past action, in a general way or as a completed event, like the preterite in English. It may also be used to express a general statement in the present. In other moods - the subjunctive, optative, and imperative, the infinitive, and largely the participle, the aorist is purely aspectual. In these forms, it has no temporal meaning, and acts purely as an alternative to the other aspects; its aspect is perfective.<br />
<br />
'''Ê varnis an jet xesau ''strôlsal.''''' <br><br />
''The boy '''walked''' on the floor.''<br />
<br />
====Imperfect Tense====<br />
<br />
====Pluperfect Tense====<br />
<br />
====Future Tense====<br />
<br />
====Future Perfect Tense====<br />
<br />
===Moods===<br />
<br />
<br />
====Indicative====<br />
<br />
The indicative mood is the most common mood. It is used for factual statements and positive beliefs.<br />
<br />
General truths of the word, such as philosophical truths, are expressed in a "gnomic tense" in the aorist indicative: '''Suvas zelli seral.''' "Water is wet."<br />
<br />
====Imperative====<br />
<br />
The imperative mood is used to express direct commands or requests. It is also used to express a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Subjunctive====<br />
<br />
The subjunctive mood is used to express certain counterfactual statements. It can only be expressed in the present, perfect, and aorist tense; these tenses lack a time component. Among the subjunctive's uses are exhortations, commands, expressions of purpose, and conditions.<br />
<br />
The three most common independent uses of the subjunctive are:<br />
<br />
* ''Hortatory:'' The first person (usually plural) of the subjunctive is used in exhortations.<br />
<br />
"Let us see!"</br><br />
"Let us not do those things!"<br />
<br />
* ''Prohibitive:'' A negative command is expressed in the aorist subjunctive with '''ku''':<br />
<br />
"Do not do that!"<br />
<br />
* 'Deliberative:''' The first person of the subjunctive is used in questions in which a person asks himself what he is to do. The negative is '''ku'''.<br />
<br />
The subjunctive is also used heavily in conditions and relative conditions, shown later on.<br />
<br />
Future Vivid: When a hypothetical future case is stated distinctly and vividly (that is, as likely to occur) the subjunctive is used with ἐάν (also spelled ἄν or ἤν) in the protasis, the conditional (or if) clause, and the future indicative (or its equivalent) is used in the apodosis, the conclusion (or then) clause. The negative in the protasis is μή, in the apodosis, οὐ.<br />
<br />
Present General: This type refers to a customary or repeated action or to a general truth. The time is indefinite.<br />
<br />
==Optative==<br />
<br />
The Optative mood is used to express wishes or hopes, and is closely related to the subjunctive mood. It is found in the present, future, future perfect, aorist, and perfect tenses. <br />
<br />
Uses of the optative in independent clauses include:<br />
<br />
* ''Potential:'' Expresses a future possibility. This use corresponds to the English potential forms using auxilaries such as ''may'', ''can'', 'might'', ''could'', ''would''.<br />
<br />
'''Nagôi sas.''' "He may/might/could/wight come."<br />
<br />
* ''Wish:'' Or just the "Optative optative". A future wish is expressed by the optative; '''þira''', ''if only, would that'' may be used with this construction. The negative is, as usual, '''ku'''.<br />
<br />
'''Nagôi.''' / '''Þira nagôi.''' "May he come!"<br />
'''Ku nagôi.''' / '''Þira ku nagôi.''' "May he not come!"<br />
<br />
The optative is also used in conditions:<br />
<br />
* ''Past General'': For a customary or repeated action, or for a general truth in past time, use the optative in the protasis and (usually) the imperfect indicative in the apodosis.<br />
<br />
'''Þi nagôi duxa, šês vredejalla.''' If (ever) anyone came, we (always) did/used to do/would do these things.<br />
<br />
* ''Future Less Vivid Conditions'': When the future condition is stated less distinctly (that is, as less likely to occur) the optative is used in both clauses. Compare this with the English should-would condition: If I should go (or if I went, were to go), I would do these things.<br />
<br />
Protatis: '''þi''' + Optative<br />
<br />
Apodisis: Optative + '''sas'''<br />
<br />
'''Þi naksôi, šês sas vrezôi.''' "If I should come, I would do these things."<br />
<br />
===Voices===<br />
<br />
Audente, unlike English, has three voices; the Active, Middle, and Passive. Voices are morphological, not synthetic.<br />
<br />
====Middle Voice====<br />
The middle voice is a voice in which the subject has characteristics of both the agent and the patient. It can be used reflexively, denoting that the subject acts on or for itself. To form the middle voice, add the augment ''zo-'' to the front of the verb.<br />
<br />
'''Ê varnis ''zokêzal''.'''<br><br />
''The boy '''washed himself.'''''<br />
<br />
====Passive Voice====<br />
To form the passive voice, add the augment ''a-'' to the front of the verb. If the verb stem begins with a vowel, the augment modifies the vowel to ''ê'' if the stem vowel is ''a'' or ''e'', or transformed into a diphthong ''ai-'' or ''au'' if the stem vowel is ''i-'', ''o-', or ''u.'', respectively.<br />
<br />
Passive voice construction, focusing on the object ''varn-'' (boy) as opposed to the subject ''duš-'' (shower):<br />
<br />
'''Ê varnis as dušel ''akêzal''.'''<br><br />
''The boy '''was washed''' by the shower.''<br />
<br />
Versus its active voice construction, focusing on the subject:<br />
<br />
'''Ê duše an varni ''kêzal''.'''<br><br />
''The shower '''washed''' the boy.''<br />
<br />
==Subordinate clauses==<br />
<br />
==Clitics==<br />
<br />
==Negatives==<br />
The normal way to form the negative is to use the particle '''ku''' before the verb, or before the element particularly to be negated. <br />
<br />
'''Ê alêxas an vanôn ''ku'' sol.'''<br />
''The horse is '''not''' in the lake.''<br />
<br />
==Questions==<br />
<br />
To form a yes-no question, use the particle '''cin''' after the verb, or to the element to be questioned:<br><br />
<br />
'''Ê kašas an soranam reuþol cin?''' ''Does the King love the woman?''<br />
<br />
'''Ê kašas an soranam cin reuþol?''' ''Is it the woman the King loves?''<br />
<br />
'''Ê kašas cin an soranam reuþol?''' ''Is it the King who loves the woman?''<br />
<br />
<br />
There are also interrogative pronouns, used in a similar fashion to yes/no particle:<br><br />
<br />
'''Ma an rada edemol vôrdel šam?'''<br><br />
''How was he able to read the books?''<br />
<br />
(???) The reflexive pronouns are placed at the end of a clause when used interrogatively:<br><br />
<br />
'''Barekis tan mallageril kune?'''<br><br />
''Who has seen my brother?''<br />
<br />
=Translations=<br />
<br />
==The North Wind and the Sun==<br />
<br />
===Ê Vuvaras sôberos vi Ê Atos===<br />
<br />
Ê Vuvaras sôberos vi ê Atos vikarejalla xis musit seral, eskros samasiveu tileksal xô panovori taru nakral.<br><br />
Nis sêdolsalla še ê xas xis lapos zakalsal xô visaxôs em samasiver on panovori asuksaduval, nis ronatnal musik.<br><br />
Þran ê Vuvaras sôberos vuksal raditit jezal, sel ê mažavi pês vuksal, tadap an samasivem peñ panovori pucal sañ bê;<br><br />
vi telikol ê Vuvaras sôberos on dumalon saržêsal. Þran ê Atos divacal šê taril, vi an samasivem peñ panovori suksazal žattil.<br><br />
Ner ê Vuvaras sôberos arikinsal pratiþ še ê Atos seral musik.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Word-by-word translation===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- align=center<br />
| Ê Vuvaras sôberos || vi || ê Atos || vikarejalla || xis || musit || seral, || eskros || samasiveu || tileksal || xô || panovori taru || nakral.<br />
|- align=center<br />
| <small>the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.nom</span> wind.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> north.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom.a</span></small> || <small>and</small> || <small>the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.nom</span> sun.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span></small> || <small>dispute.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3P.ipr</span></small> || <small>which.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span></small> || <small>strong.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cmp</span></small> || <small>be.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cmp</span> ,</small> || <small>when</small> || <small>traveler.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dat</span></small> || <small>wrap.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">aor</span></small> || <small>in</small> || <small>cloak.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">acc</span> warm.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">acc.i</span></small> || <small>come.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">per</span> .</small><br />
|- align=center <br />
! colspan="13" | The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- align=center<br />
| Nis || sêdolsalla || še || ê xas || xis || lapos || zakalsal || xô || visaxôs || em samasiver || on panovori || asuksaduval, || nis || ronatnal || musik.<br />
|- align=center<br />
| <small><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pronoun.3P.nom.a</span></small> || <small>agree.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">aor</span></small> || <small>that.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">con</span></small> || <small>the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">1S.nom</span> one.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">1S.nom</span></small> || <small>who.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj.nom</span></small> || <small>first.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span></small> || <small>succeed.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.aor</span></small> || <small>in</small> || <small>make.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pp</span></small> || <small>the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.gen</span> traveler.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">gen</span></small> || <small>the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.acc</span> cloak.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">acc</span></small> || <small>remove.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.plu.pas</span> ,</small> || <small>pronoun.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3P.a</span></small> || <small>consider.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.fut</span></small> || <small>strong.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">sup</span>.<small><br />
|- align=center <br />
! colspan="15" | They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- align=center<br />
| Þran || ê Vuvaras sôberos || vuksal || raditit || jezal, || sel || ê mažavi || pês || vuksal, || tadap || an samasivem || peñ panovori || pucal || sañ || bê;<br />
|- align=center<br />
| then || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> wind.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> north.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom.a</span> || blow.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.aor</span> || hard.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">comp</span> || can.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.aor</span>, || but || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.nom</span> more.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> || <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pronoun.3S.nom.a</span> || blow.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.aor</span> , || close.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pos</span> || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.acc</span> traveler.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">acc</span> || <small>pronounn.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3P.gen.a</span> cloak.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">acc</span></small> || fold.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.aor</span> || around || pronoun.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3P.acc.a</span> ;<br />
|- align=center <br />
! colspan="15" | Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him;<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- align=center<br />
| vi || telikol || ê Vuvaras sôberos || on dumalon || saržêsal. || Þran || ê Atos || divacal šê || taril, || vi || an samasivem || peñ panovori || suksazal || žattil.<br />
|- align=center<br />
| and || finally || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> wind.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> north.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom.a</span> || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">acc</span> attempt.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">acc</span> || surrender.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.aor</span> . || then || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> sun.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> || shine.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">aor</span> out || warmly, || and || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.acc</span> traveler.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">acc</span> || pronoun.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3P.gen.a</span> cloak.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">acc</span> || remove.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.aor</span> || immediately .<br />
|- align=center <br />
! colspan="15" | and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- align=center<br />
| Ner || ê Vuvaras sôberos || arikinsal || pratiþ || še || ê Atos || seral || musik.<br />
|- align=center<br />
| thus || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> wind.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> north.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom.a</span> || oblige.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.aor.pas</span> || confess.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">inf.aor</span> || that.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">con</span> || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.nom</span> sun.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">nom</span> || the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.nom</span> be.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">3S.aor</span> || strong.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">sup</span> .<br />
|- align=center <br />
! colspan="15" | And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Source==<br />
*This article was coipied from [http://bill3000.net/wiki/index.php?title=Audente Soloralwiki].<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Kildare]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Shirerothian_language&diff=18396Shirerothian language2016-04-09T23:46:25Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox language<br />
| name= Shirerothian<br />
| nativename= ''Præta Sxiröþes''<br />
| pronunciation= [{{IPA|ˈprætɑ ʃiˈrøθes|}}]<br />
| states= [[Shireroth]]<br />
| region= National<br />
| speakers= 0<br />
| familycolor= lightgreen<br />
| fam1= Shirerothian<br />
| fam2= Central Shirerothian<br />
| fam3= Brookshirian<br />
| script= Latin (Shirerothian variant)<br />
| nation= Shireroth<br />
| agency= Department of Constructed Languages<br />
| mic1= shr<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Shirerothian''' or '''Shirerithian''' language (''Præta Sxiröþes'' in Shirerothian) is a constructed language from [[Shireroth]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Shirerothian has been spoken in Shireroth for thousands of years.<br />
<br />
===Proto-Shirerothian===<br />
<br />
Proto-Shirerothian, the ancestral language of Shirerothian, was spoken approximately from 4000 BSC to 262 ASC.<br />
<br />
===Old Shirerothian===<br />
<br />
Old Shirerothian was spoken from the beginning of Kaiser Erik II's reign in 262 ASC until 1239 ASC.<br />
<br />
Old Shirerothian was heavily inflected, with eight noun cases (nominative, accusative, vocative, genitive, dative, ablative, instrumental, and locative) and seven noun declensions. Verbs were divided into six conjugations.<br />
<br />
However, Old Shirerothian was characterized by only two genders; the neuter gender did not develop until early Middle Shirerothian. <br />
<br />
===Middle Shirerothian===<br />
<br />
Middle Shirerothian is traditionally dated to have begun with Kaiser Nikkolo I's reign in 1239 ASC, and lasted until 3004 ASC.<br />
<br />
Middle Shirerothian greatly simplified the Old Shirerothian noun system. The dative, ablative, instrumental, and locative cases all merged into a prepositional case, and the original seven noun declensions were reduced to four. Adjectives were no longer inflected for gender. Additionally, the middle voice merged into the passive, and the dual number merged into the plural.<br />
<br />
Middle Shirerothian also saw the development of the human gender of the third-person singular pronoun.<br />
<br />
===Modern Shirerothian===<br />
<br />
Modern Shirerothian has traditionally been dated to begin with the reign of Kaiser Mors V in 3004 ASC. Distinguishing features of Modern Shirerothian include the following:<br />
<br />
* The loss of the vocative case.<br />
<br />
* The loss of breathy voiced plosives: /bʱ/ > /b/, /dʱ/ > /d/, and /gʱ/ > /g/.<br />
<br />
* The rhotacization of intervocalic /z/.<br />
<br />
* The fricativization of voiceless plosives: /pt/ > /ft/, /tt/ > /θt/, and /kt/ > /xt/.<br />
<br />
The last development may have developed under the influence of Eldurian.<br />
<br />
===Language contact with Eldurian===<br />
<br />
As attested by the large number of loanwords and borrowings into its grammar, Shirerothian has been in contact with Eldurian for a large part of its history. The amount and type of words borrowed suggests that such contact has been quite intimate. For example, Old Shirerothian borrowed basic words such as ''portale'' "gate" (Eldurian ''portale''), ''porko'' "pig" (Eldurian ''porce''), ''pikxtyre'' "picture" (Eldurian ''pichture''), and ''li'' "here" (Eldurian ''ile'', meaning "this").<br />
<br />
The pronunciation of Eldurian loanwords in Shirerothian has been used to help date certain sound changes in Eldurian. For example, Eldurian traditionally did not mark that a word-final l had become vocalized. Linguists thus had to turn to Eldurian loanwords in other languages in order to date l-vocalization.<br />
<br />
In Shirerothian, both ''portale'' "gate" (''portale'') and ''ræw'' "regal" (''regale'') were borrowed from Eldurian. While ''portale'' first appeared in mid-to-late Old Shirerothian, ''ræw'' did not appear until Middle Shirerothian. The fact that ''ræw'' does not contain an l establishes that l-vocalization in Eldurian must have occurred during the transition from Old Shirerothian to Middle Shirerothian. Comparisons to Eldurian loanwords into other languages during this time period, as well as the discovery of the Varjaga Cave Journals, bears out this theory: ''portale'', pronounced [pɔrˈtaːle] in Old Eldurian, became [pɔrˈtaːw] in Middle Eldurian. Similarly, ''regale'' was pronounced [reˈgaːle] in Old Eldurian and [reˈgaːw] in Middle Eldurian.<br />
<br />
A few grammatical features also have their roots in Eldurian. For example, Eldurian uses the neuter third-person pronoun to indicate a person or group of people of unspecified or mixed gender. Shirerothian independently developed a "human" gender third-person pronoun for the same purpose in the singular, but like Eldurian, uses the neuter gender in the plural. This borrowing appears to have first occurred during late Middle Shirerothian.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, some linguists have posited that the development of the neuter gender was influenced by the existence of the neuter gender in Eldurian, which in Eldurian has become the dominant gender.<br />
<br />
Curiously, while Shirerothian has borrowed liberally from Eldurian, there has been nearly no borrowing at all from Shirerothian into Eldurian.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
<br />
The Shirerothian alphabet contains 30 individual letters and 6 digraphs. Each digraph is considered a separate letter in the alphabet, and thus, Shirerothian has a total of 36 letters. The letter ''x'' does not have a pronunciation of its own, and is used only in combinations with other letters.<br />
<br />
The table below shows the correspondence between the Shirerothian alphabet and IPA. The English pronunciations are based on General American English.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Shirerothian<br />
! IPA<br />
! English pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
| a<br />
| [ɑ]<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
|-<br />
| æ<br />
| [æ]<br />
| f'''a'''t<br />
|-<br />
| b<br />
| [b]<br />
| '''b'''at<br />
|-<br />
| c<br />
| [tʃ]<br />
| '''ch'''urch<br />
|-<br />
| ç<br />
| [dʒ]<br />
| bri'''dg'''e<br />
|-<br />
| d<br />
| [d]<br />
| '''d'''og<br />
|-<br />
| ð<br />
| [ð]<br />
| '''th'''e<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| [e]<br />
| Approx. like h'''ai'''l<br />
|-<br />
| f<br />
| [f]<br />
| '''f'''at<br />
|-<br />
| g<br />
| [g]<br />
| '''g'''ift<br />
|-<br />
| h<br />
| [h]<br />
| '''h'''ome<br />
|-<br />
| i<br />
| [i]<br />
| d'''ee'''d<br />
|-<br />
| j<br />
| [j]<br />
| '''y'''es<br />
|-<br />
| k<br />
| [k]<br />
| '''k'''ing<br />
|-<br />
| kx<br />
| [x]<br />
| (Scottish) lo'''ch'''<br />
|-<br />
| l<br />
| [l]<br />
| '''l'''eave<br />
|-<br />
| lx<br />
| [ɬ]<br />
| (Welsh) '''ll'''wyd<br />
|-<br />
| m<br />
| [m]<br />
| '''m'''an<br />
|-<br />
| n<br />
| [n]<br />
| '''n'''o<br />
|-<br />
| ng<br />
| [ŋ]<br />
| sa'''ng'''<br />
|-<br />
| o<br />
| [o]<br />
| Approx. like c'''oa'''l<br />
|-<br />
| ö<br />
| [ø]<br />
| (German) sch'''ö'''n<br />
|-<br />
| p<br />
| [p]<br />
| '''p'''ie<br />
|-<br />
| r<br />
| [r]<br />
| (Spanish) bu'''rr'''o<br />
|-<br />
| s<br />
| [s]<br />
| '''s'''ock<br />
|-<br />
| sx<br />
| [ʃ]<br />
| '''sh'''ock<br />
|-<br />
| t<br />
| [t]<br />
| '''t'''ame<br />
|-<br />
| þ<br />
| [θ]<br />
| '''th'''in<br />
|-<br />
| u<br />
| [u]<br />
| f'''oo'''d<br />
|-<br />
| v<br />
| [v]<br />
| '''v'''ein<br />
|-<br />
| w<br />
| [w]<br />
| '''w'''ant<br />
|-<br />
| wx<br />
| [ʍ]<br />
| (Old-fashioned) '''wh'''ale<br />
|-<br />
| x<br />
| -<br />
| Used in digraphs only<br />
|-<br />
| y<br />
| [y]<br />
| (French) t'''u'''<br />
|-<br />
| z<br />
| [z]<br />
| '''z'''oo<br />
|-<br />
| zx<br />
| [ʒ]<br />
| mira'''ge'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The letters ''æ'', ''ç'', ''ð'', ''ö'', and ''þ'' can be written as ''ae'', ''cx'', ''dx'', ''oe'', and ''tx'', respectively, when technical limitations prevent the input of these characters.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
The Shirerothian language contains a rich inventory of 27 consonant and 6 vowel phonemes.<br />
<br />
===Phonemes===<br />
<br />
====Consonants====<br />
The table below shows the Shirerothian consonant phonemes.<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center<br />
|- <br />
! <br />
! Bilabial<br />
! Labiodental<br />
! Dental<br />
! Alveolar<br />
! Postalveolar<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| {{IPA|m}}<br />
| <br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|n}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA|ŋ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| {{IPA|p}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|b}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA|t}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|d}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA|k}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|g}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Affricate<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|tʃ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|dʒ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|f}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|v}}<br />
| {{IPA|θ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ð}}<br />
| {{IPA|s}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|z}}<br />
| {{IPA|ʃ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ʒ}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|x}}<br />
| {{IPA|h}}<br />
|-<br />
! Approximant<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|l}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|j}}<br />
| {{IPA|ʍ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|w}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Trill<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|r}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Lateral Fricative<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|ɬ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Notes=====<br />
<br />
/l/ is a "clear" l (alveolar lateral approximant), and is thus pronounced like "'''l'''eave" [liːv], not "te'''ll'''" [tɛɫ] (which has a "dark" l, or velarized alveolar lateral approximant).<br />
<br />
/ɬ/ is a rare sound in European languages. For help pronouncing [ɬ], see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative Wikipedia].<br />
<br />
/ŋ/ can occur at the syllable onset, unlike in English where it can never occur at the syllable onset.<br />
<br />
/p/, /t/, and /k/ are not aspirated.<br />
<br />
====Vowels====<br />
<br />
The table below shows the Shirerothian vowel phonemes.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- align=center<br />
!<br />
! Front<br />
! Back<br />
|- align=center<br />
! High<br />
| i&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(y)<br />
| u<br />
|- align=center<br />
! Mid<br />
| e&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(ø)<br />
| o <br />
|- align=center<br />
! Low<br />
| æ<br />
| ɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[y] and [ø] are allophones of /u/ and /o/, respectively, occurring in complementary distribution with [u] and [o].<br />
<br />
There are five diphthongs: [æj], [æw], [iw], [oj], and [øj]. They are best analyzed phonemically as /Vj/ rather than /Vɪ̯/.<br />
<br />
====Stress====<br />
<br />
The vest majority of Shirerothian words have paroxytonic stress, i.e., they are almost always stressed on the second-to-last syllable. Exceptions are marked in the orthography with an acute accent:<br />
<br />
* zxádurum [ˈʒɑdurum] "desk"<br />
<br />
====Metaphony====<br />
<br />
Shirerothian exhibits regressive metaphony (or less precisely, umlaut or vowel harmony), a long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels across boundaries.<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|- align=center<br />
!<br />
! [-back] [-rounded]<br />
! [-back] [+rounded]<br />
! [+back] [+rounded]<br />
|- align=center<br />
! [+high] [-low]<br />
| i<br />
| y<br />
| u<br />
|- align=center<br />
! [-high] [-low]<br />
| e<br />
| ø<br />
| o<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The rule for Shirerothian is fairly straightforward: [-low, +back] vowels (i.e., o and u) become [-back] when the next vowel in the word is [-low, -back] (i.e., i and e). This is represented in the orthography by the changes from o &rarr; ö and u &rarr; y. For instance,<br />
<br />
* læjo [ˈlæjo] "road" &rarr; læjöne [læˈjøne] "roads"<br />
<br />
When possible, metaphony proceeds across the entire word:<br />
<br />
* /urkoli/ &rarr; yrköli [yrˈkøli] "island"<br />
<br />
/æ/ and /ɑ/ are considered neutral vowels. Neutral vowels in Shirerothian are opaque, and thus, the presence of a neutral vowel will block any further metaphony:<br />
<br />
* /muritɑ/ &rarr; myrita [myˈritɑ] "tomorrow", but<br />
<br />
* /portɑle/ &rarr; portale [porˈtɑle], not *pörtale "door"<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Shirerothian has the following syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)(C)<br />
<br />
====Onset====<br />
<br />
====Nucleus====<br />
<br />
All vowels, and only vowels, can appear in the nucleus.<br />
<br />
====Coda====<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
Shirerothian is a highly inflected language.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Shirerothian has three noun declensions.<br />
<br />
====-C declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is used with noun stems ending in a consonant, except for those ending in -t. All nouns in this class are masculine or neuter, with a few limited exceptions.<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
| <br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
|<br />
| -e<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| -a<br />
| -e<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| -es<br />
| -ese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| -i<br />
| -im<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====-V declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is used with noun stems ending in a vowel. The vast majority of nouns in this class are feminine.<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
| <br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
|<br />
| -ne<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| -n<br />
| -ne<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| -nes<br />
| -nese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| -ni<br />
| -nim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====-t declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is used with noun stems ending in -t. All nouns in this class are masculine.<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
| <br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
|<br />
| -ene<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| -ana<br />
| -ene<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| -es<br />
| -ese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| -i<br />
| -im<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
<br />
Pronouns in Shirerothian, not unexpectedly, are often irregular. Unusually, Shirerothian declines all pronouns by gender, although in the plural, many forms have been merged.<br />
<br />
The neuter gender is listed after the masculine because it originally developed from the masculine in Old Shirerothian. Even today, the neuter shares many of the same endings as the masculine.<br />
<br />
====Personal pronouns====<br />
<br />
=====First person=====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="6" | ''æj, æjon, æjo'' <br /> I<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Masculine<br />
! colspan="2" | Neuter<br />
! colspan="2" | Feminine<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| æj || æje || æjon || æje || æjo || æjöne<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| æja || æje || æjon || æje || æjon || æjöne<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| æjes || æjese || æjes || æjese || æjönes || æjönese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| æji || æjim || æji || æjim || æji || æjim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Second person=====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="6" | ''þu, þun, þuno'' <br /> you<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Masculine<br />
! colspan="2" | Neuter<br />
! colspan="2" | Feminine<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| þu || þyne || þun || þyne || þuno || þyne<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| þuna || þyne || þun || þyne || þuna || þyne<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| þynes || þynese || þynes || þynese || þynes || þynese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| þyni || þynim || þyni || þynim || þyni || þynim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Third person=====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="8" | ''el, e, elo, se'' <br /> he, she, it, they<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Masculine<br />
! colspan="2" | Neuter<br />
! colspan="2" | Feminine<br />
! colspan="2" | Human<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| el || sene || e || sene || elo || sene || se || -<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| ela || sene || en || sene || elon || sene || se || -<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| eles || senese || enes || senese || elönes || senese || senese || -<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| eli || senim || eni || senim || elöni || senim || senim || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The "human" form is used to describe a person without indicating his or her gender. This is very similar to the use of "they" as a singular third-person pronoun in English. The human form originally developed from the old third-person plural, which was reanalyzed as a singular. To distinguish between the former plural, which had become a singular, and the true plural, a plural marker was added to the pronoun. The human form does not have a plural; the neuter plural is used when describing a group of people without specifying their gender, or when describing a mixed-gender group of people. While the use of a human form for the singular in Shirerothian appears to be an independent innovation, the use of the neuter plural is likely a borrowing from Eldurian. (It is known that the neuter plural is used because Middle Shirerothian distinguished between masculine, neuter, and feminine genders in the third-person plural, and the neuter plural was used for unspecified- or mixed-gender groups.)<br />
<br />
====Demonstrative pronouns====<br />
<br />
Shirerothian has only one demonstrative pronoun. When greater specificity is required, ''hi'' "here", ''li'' "there", or ''ili'' "yonder" can be used:<br />
<br />
* rund ðena "this/that hat" (i.e., "the particular hat being mentioned")<br />
<br />
* ræd ðe hi "this house"<br />
<br />
* zxádurum ðena li "that desk"<br />
<br />
* jatu ðo ili "that sheep yonder"<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="6" | ''ðe, ðena, ðo'' <br /> this, that<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Masculine<br />
! colspan="2" | Neuter<br />
! colspan="2" | Feminine<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ðe || ðe || ðena || ðena || ðo || ðene<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| ðena || ðe || ðena || ðena || ðon || ðene<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| ðenes || ðenese || ðenes || ðenese || ðönes || ðenese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| ðeni || ðenim || ðeni || ðenim || ðöni || ðenim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Interrogative and relative pronouns, and interrogative adjectives====<br />
<br />
Unlike English, Shirerothian does not make a distinction between human ("who") and non-human ("what") forms.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="6" | ''vo'' <br /> who, what, which<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Masculine<br />
! colspan="2" | Neuter<br />
! colspan="2" | Feminine<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| vo || vöne || vo || vöde || vo || vöne<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| voda || vöden || vo || vöde || von || vöne<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| ves || vese || ves || vese || ves || vese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| vi || vim || vi || vim || vi || vim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Determiners===<br />
<br />
While most determiners follow the noun, certain determiners, such as articles and numbers, precede the noun.<br />
<br />
====Articles====<br />
<br />
Shireroth has a definite article, but no indefinite article. The definite article declines for gender and number, but not case.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="3" | ''seo, seo, sa'' <br /> the<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! Masculine<br />
! Neuter<br />
! Feminine<br />
|-<br />
! Singular<br />
| seo || seo || sa<br />
|-<br />
! Plural<br />
| sene || sene || sane<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Numbers====<br />
<br />
Numbers are formed rather similarly to English numbers. With the exception of ''uk'' "one", which declines according to case and gender, numbers are indeclinable.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="3" | ''uk, uk, uko'' <br /> one<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! Masculine<br />
! Neuter<br />
! Feminine<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| uk || uk || uko<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| uka || uk || ukon<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| ykes || ykes || ykönes<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| yki || yki || yki<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|-<br />
! Shirerothian<br />
! Numeral<br />
|-<br />
| uk<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| za<br />
| 2<br />
|-<br />
| joj<br />
| 3<br />
|-<br />
| naþ<br />
| 4<br />
|-<br />
| sxu<br />
| 5<br />
|-<br />
| ylhi<br />
| 6<br />
|-<br />
| gnas<br />
| 7<br />
|-<br />
| tantif<br />
| 8<br />
|-<br />
| stifta<br />
| 9<br />
|-<br />
| graks<br />
| 10<br />
|-<br />
| graksuk<br />
| 11<br />
|-<br />
| zæf<br />
| 12<br />
|-<br />
| jöjne<br />
| 13<br />
|-<br />
| naðak<br />
| 14<br />
|-<br />
| misko<br />
| 15<br />
|-<br />
| graksylhi<br />
| 16<br />
|-<br />
| graksangas<br />
| 17<br />
|-<br />
| grakstantif<br />
| 18<br />
|-<br />
| grakstifta<br />
| 19<br />
|-<br />
| zagraks<br />
| 20<br />
|-<br />
| zagraksuk<br />
| 21<br />
|-<br />
| jojgraks<br />
| 30<br />
|-<br />
| ortu<br />
| 100<br />
|-<br />
| za ortu<br />
| 200<br />
|-<br />
| gozma<br />
| 1000<br />
|-<br />
| graks gozma<br />
| 10,000<br />
|-<br />
| ortu gozma<br />
| 100,000<br />
|-<br />
| tagozma<br />
| 1,000,000<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
<br />
Shirerothian has two adjective declensions, which are identical to their respective noun declensions. Adjectives are inflected for case, but not for gender. Adjectives generally follow the noun they modify.<br />
<br />
====-C declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is used with adjective stems ending in a consonant.<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
| <br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
|<br />
| -e<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| -a<br />
| -e<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| -es<br />
| -ese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| -i<br />
| -im<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====-V declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is used with adjective stems ending in a vowel.<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
| <br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
|<br />
| -ne<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| -n<br />
| -ne<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| -nes<br />
| -nese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| -ni<br />
| -nim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Verbs in Shirerothian have the following properties:<br />
<br />
* Three persons: First, second, third<br />
* Two numbers: Singular, plural<br />
* Two aspects: Perfective (finished), imperfective (unfinished)<br />
* Six tenses: Present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect<br />
* Three finite moods: Indicative, subjunctive, imperative<br />
* Two voices: Active, passive<br />
* Three non-finite forms: Infinitive, gerund, participle<br />
<br />
Shirerothian has two verb conjugations. The first conjugation is characterized by the infinitive ending -nar, while the second conjugation is characterized by the infinitive ending -nur.<br />
<br />
Shirerothian is a pro-drop language. In other words, the pronoun is optional but can be used for emphasis. When the pronoun is included with the verb, it follows the verb:<br />
<br />
* takun æj sa jatun "I am eating the sheep"<br />
<br />
====Overview====<br />
<br />
=====Passive voice=====<br />
<br />
The passive voice is formed by adding the prefix f(e)- to the verb:<br />
<br />
* fetakyler sa jatu vi wxifi "the sheep was eaten by a wolf"<br />
<br />
====Table of verb affixes====<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Type<br />
! Affix<br />
|-<br />
| Past tense || -le-<br />
|-<br />
| Future tense || -þura-<br />
|-<br />
| Subjunctive mood || -ti-<br />
|-<br />
| Passive voice || f(e)-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====To be====<br />
<br />
Not unexpectedly, the verb "to be" is highly irregular.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Indicative Active Present<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | verunur "to be"<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! First Person<br />
| vem || jerne<br />
|-<br />
! Second Person<br />
| jert || jertu<br />
|-<br />
! Third Person<br />
| ver || sirust<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Present tense====<br />
<br />
=====Indicative mood=====<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="8" | Indicative Active Present<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="4" | First Conjugation <br /> takunar "to eat"<br />
! colspan="4" | Second Conjugation <br /> vozxanur, "to run"<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! First Person<br />
| takun || '''-n''' || takyne || '''-ne''' || vozxam || '''-m''' || vozxane || '''-ne'''<br />
|-<br />
! Second Person<br />
| takuz || '''-z''' || takyre || '''-re''' || vozxaz || '''-z''' || vozxare || '''-re'''<br />
|-<br />
! Third Person<br />
| takur || '''-r''' || takut || '''-t''' || vozxa || '''-''' || vozxast || '''-st'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="8" | Indicative Passive Present<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="4" | First Conjugation <br /> takunar "to eat"<br />
! colspan="4" | Second Conjugation <br /> vozxanur, "to run"<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! First Person<br />
| fetakun || '''-n''' || fetakyne || '''-ne''' || fevozxam || '''-m''' || fevozxane || '''-ne'''<br />
|-<br />
! Second Person<br />
| fetakuz || '''-z''' || fetakyre || '''-re''' || fevozxaz || '''-z''' || fevozxare || '''-re'''<br />
|-<br />
! Third Person<br />
| fetakur || '''-r''' || fetakut || '''-t''' || fevozxa || '''-''' || fevozxast || '''-st'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Subjunctive mood=====<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="8" | Subjunctive Active Present<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="4" | First Conjugation <br /> takunar "to eat"<br />
! colspan="4" | Second Conjugation <br /> vozxanur, "to run"<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! First Person<br />
| takytin || '''-n''' || takytine || '''-ne''' || vozxatim || '''-m''' || vozxatine || '''-ne'''<br />
|-<br />
! Second Person<br />
| takytiz || '''-z''' || takytire || '''-re''' || vozxatiz || '''-z''' || vozxatire || '''-re'''<br />
|-<br />
! Third Person<br />
| takytir || '''-r''' || takytit || '''-t''' || vozxati || '''-''' || vozxatist || '''-st'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
! colspan="8" | Subjunctive Active Present<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="4" | First Conjugation <br /> takunar "to eat"<br />
! colspan="4" | Second Conjugation <br /> vozxanur, "to run"<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
! colspan="2" | Singular<br />
! colspan="2" | Plural<br />
|-<br />
! First Person<br />
| fetakytin || '''-n''' || fetakytine || '''-ne''' || fevozxatim || '''-m''' || fevozxatine || '''-ne'''<br />
|-<br />
! Second Person<br />
| fetakytiz || '''-z''' || fetakytire || '''-re''' || fevozxatiz || '''-z''' || fevozxatire || '''-re'''<br />
|-<br />
! Third Person<br />
| fetakytir || '''-r''' || fetakytit || '''-t''' || fevozxati || '''-''' || fevozxatist || '''-st'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Past tense====<br />
<br />
===Adverbs===<br />
<br />
===Prepositions===<br />
<br />
With exactly two exceptions, prepositions in Shirerothian take the prepositional case. The prepositions ''að'' ("of" or "from") and ''zxa'' ("in") take the genitive case.<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
Shirerothian typically exhibits a VSO word order, although SVO or OVS can be used to emphasize the subject or object, respectively. Shirerothian also exhibits strong right-branching characteristics: Adjectives follow nouns, genitives and relative clauses follow nouns, pronouns follow verbs, and adpositions appear as prepositions. However, certain determiners such as articles and numbers precede nouns.<br />
<br />
==Semantics and Pragmatics==<br />
<br />
==Sociolinguistic topics==<br />
<br />
==Lexicon==<br />
<br />
The following is a short list of certain words in Shirerothian:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Shirerothian<br />
! English<br />
! Class<br />
|-<br />
| að<br />
| of, from<br />
| prep.<br />
|-<br />
| æwdæk<br />
| sword<br />
| n. (m.)<br />
|-<br />
| dæjta<br />
| today<br />
| adv.<br />
|-<br />
| en, ente<br />
| and<br />
| conj.<br />
|-<br />
| gönleta<br />
| mango<br />
| n. (f.)<br />
|-<br />
| hæks<br />
| arm, weapon<br />
| n. (m.)<br />
|-<br />
| hödet<br />
| hand<br />
| n. (n.)<br />
|-<br />
| hus<br />
| person<br />
| n. (n.)<br />
|-<br />
| ispæjzxa<br />
| after<br />
| prep.<br />
|-<br />
| jatu<br />
| sheep<br />
| n. (f.)<br />
|-<br />
| jor<br />
| yesterday<br />
| adv.<br />
|-<br />
| kunur<br />
| to see<br />
| v.<br />
|-<br />
| læjo<br />
| road, path<br />
| n. (f.)<br />
|-<br />
| lesunar<br />
| to read<br />
| v.<br />
|-<br />
| ma<br />
| but<br />
| conj.<br />
|-<br />
| mec<br />
| fire<br />
| n. (m.)<br />
|-<br />
| myrita<br />
| tomorrow<br />
| adv.<br />
|-<br />
| præta<br />
| speech, language<br />
| n. (f.)<br />
|-<br />
| ræd<br />
| house<br />
| n. (m.)<br />
|-<br />
| rund<br />
| hat<br />
| n. (m.)<br />
|-<br />
| sikx<br />
| city<br />
| n. (n.)<br />
|-<br />
| sult<br />
| ocean<br />
| n. (n.)<br />
|-<br />
| Sxiroþ<br />
| Shireroth<br />
| n. (m.)<br />
|-<br />
| sxun<br />
| spike, nail<br />
| n. (m.)<br />
|-<br />
| takunar<br />
| to eat<br />
| v.<br />
|-<br />
| tast<br />
| to, towards<br />
| prep.<br />
|-<br />
| træjzxa<br />
| before<br />
| prep.<br />
|-<br />
| trojm<br />
| journey<br />
| n. (n.)<br />
|-<br />
| utan<br />
| outside of<br />
| prep.<br />
|-<br />
| verunur<br />
| to be<br />
| v.<br />
|-<br />
| vozxanur<br />
| to run<br />
| v.<br />
|-<br />
| wxen<br />
| male<br />
| n. (m.)<br />
|-<br />
| wxeno<br />
| female<br />
| n. (f.)<br />
|-<br />
| wxif<br />
| wolf<br />
| n. (m.)<br />
|-<br />
| yre<br />
| out of<br />
| prep.<br />
|-<br />
| yrköli<br />
| island<br />
| n. (f.)<br />
|-<br />
| zxa<br />
| in<br />
| prep.<br />
|-<br />
| zxádurum<br />
| desk<br />
| n. (n.)<br />
|-<br />
| zxuk<br />
| leg<br />
| n. (n.)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://shireroth.org/shirewiki/Gryphon_Avocatio/Sxir%C3%B3%C3%BEes The original description of Shirerothian]<br />
<br />
* [http://shireroth.org/shirewiki/User:Con_quesa/shireroth_conlang The conlanger's description of Shirerothian]<br />
<br />
* [https://sites.google.com/site/elorianmestec/shireroth-langauge The conlanger's preliminary sketch of Shirerothian]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Hunters_of_the_Stag&diff=18395Hunters of the Stag2016-04-09T23:45:54Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Hunters of the Stag''' (''Viatax Sitadi Axdivijink Regigoraauk'', or [[image:Horjinic.Hunters.Of.The.Stag.PNG]] in [[Horjinic (conlang)|Horjinic]]) are a diversionary sect of [[Cedrism]] who worship [[Horjin]]. They reside on the [[Isle of Naudia'Diva]], are [[animism|animist]] in their beliefs, and are considered by some to be technologically backwards.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[Sagittarius]], before he [[The Path of Transcendence|Transcended]] but after his many trials and tribulations with the [[Elemental Mages]], left from central [[Brookshire]] and headed south. When he came to the shore, he built a boat and sailed off.<br />
<br />
He was expecting to die at sea. And he almost did.<br />
<br />
His boat capsized in a rough storm, and Sagittarius, suffering from fatigue and deprivation, was unable to retain consciousness.<br />
<br />
Some say he pulled deep within himself and swam to shore. Some say [[Lacrymosa]] gave his servant one last favor. Some say [[Horjin]] was calling to him.<br />
<br />
Regardless of the way he made it to shore, he did.<br />
<br />
He woke and found his zest for life renewed. Somehow he had managed to retain possession of his knife, but all else was lost.<br />
<br />
He fashioned himself new clothes and a simple bow, surviving off the land for many months.<br />
<br />
When Sagittarius had been living at the island for almost a year, a boat came to shore to rescue him. They had seen a fire and thought someone was stranded.<br />
<br />
Sagittarius instead opted to stay.<br />
<br />
The tale of this man who preferred to live the life of a savage despite his upbringing spread. In the meantime, Sagittarius began using his [[geomancy|geomantic]] powers to shape the island as he saw fit. He split the island into four basic parts: the [[Auleauk Desert]], the [[Hordius Ten Forest]], the [[Nervena Plains]], and the [[Sagittandi Mountains]]. He also used his other magical talents to populate these areas with a variety of creatures.<br />
<br />
The island grew and changed, and Sagittarius met Horjin and became his follower. Meanwhile, ships curious about this "noble savage" came to the island. Some decided to stay, though most left. Most of who stayed did not survive.<br />
<br />
Soon, they brought more than people. Some brought creatures to the island, as per the request of Sagittarius. Others brought stone, so that a Temple to Horjin could be built. The followers of Horjin had taken a keen interest in this previously Lacrymosan hunter, and had come to see him and build a shrine.<br />
<br />
The first five followers of Horjin (Sagittarius, Segovia, Penryn, Rutaus, and Diva) also began developing their own simple language for the purposes of communication while there were outsiders on the island. These outsiders included the followers of Horjin at first, but eventually came to include them.<br />
<br />
Soon after a fire in Shirekeep which destroyed the main Temple of Horjin, the Rangers (as they had begun calling themselves) and the followers of Horjin joined into one cohesive unit. The existing rituals of the sect were molded to their new wild environment, and the [[animism|animist]] beliefs of Sagittarius meshed with central [[Cedrism|Cedrist]] thought.<br />
<br />
At this point, Sagittarius (now in his late fifties) became the High Priest of Horjin and set up the system of self-government that still exists today: the [[Triat]] and the [[Pentat]]. [[Torat]], the old Head Priest of Horjin, stepped down and resigned himself to the honorable position of [[Aurajinrale]]. Also upon this union, traditional magics became outlawed. No Ranger would use them: they were to work with the spirits around them instead of forcing the universe to their will.<br />
<br />
The twenty-six Paths of [[Horjinic magic]] began their evolutions, and the [[Path of the Stygian Nightmare]]'s first walker, [[Diva]], became more and more upset with the "regime". She wanted there to be no government, no leadership, and no regulations for the Rangers, and she left, taking a sizable portion of the Rangers with her.<br />
<br />
Sagittarius, hurt by this, soldiered on nonetheless and thought that their "movement" would die out within a year or two. He was wrong: Diva and her followers were joined by [[Nelig]] and became the [[Neligan]].<br />
<br />
On Sagittarius' sixty-third birthday, he proclaimed that they were no longer the Rangers. Instead, they were to be the Hunters of the Stag, charged with protecting the island. It was then that he carved his Nine Precepts into the [[Questing Stone]] and charged the Aurajinrale with finding a successor.<br />
<br />
Three days later, he left the Temple with his bow and his knife and did not return.<br />
<br />
Segovia, Rutaus, and Torat all left within a matter of months. Penryn, however, stayed to the very end of his days, living out his life as a Hunter of the Stag.<br />
<br />
The loss of their leaders was a devastating blow to the Hunters of the Stag, but they were left in good hands: the replacement Pentat was capable and led the Hunters well.<br />
<br />
The sect grew over the years to where it is today, with nearly five hundred active Hunters of the Stag on the [[Island of Naudia'Diva]]. There are nearly a hundred others who live abroad, studying the world to further complete their [[Sacred Hunt]] or pursue their [[Quarry]].<br />
<br />
== Language ==<br />
=== Runes ===<br />
<TABLE border=1><br />
<TR> <TH>Rune</TH><br />
<th>Pronunciation</th> <TH>Old Meaning</th><br />
<th>Modern Meaning</th><br />
<th>Character Origin</th><br />
</TR> <TR> <TD>[[Image:Rune-a.PNG]]</TD><br />
<td>-Ah</td><br />
<TD>Female</TD> <td>Female</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-at.png]]</td><br />
<td>Att</td><br />
<td>Peace</td><br />
<td>Water</td><br />
<td>Shaking Hands</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-au.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Aouw</td><br />
<td>Shield</td><br />
<td>Shield</td><br />
<td>Shield</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-ax.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Acks</td><br />
<td>Life</td><br />
<td>Life</td><br />
<td> </td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-di.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Dee</td><br />
<td>Death</td><br />
<td>Death</td><br />
<td> </td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-el.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Ell</td><br />
<td>Victory</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-er.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Err</td><br />
<td>Resilience</td><br />
<td>Earth</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-es.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Ess</td><br />
<td>Wind</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-et.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Ehtt</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
<td>Fire</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-fa.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Fah</td><br />
<td>Crops</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Scythe</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-ga.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Gah</td><br />
<td>Not</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-gi.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Ghee</td><br />
<td>Strength</td><br />
<td>Air</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-go.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Goh</td><br />
<td>Fire</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-hor.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Hoar</td><br />
<td>Cat</td><br />
<td>Animal</td><br />
<td>Eye</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-ig.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Igg</td><br />
<td>Stealth</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-jin.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Jean</td><br />
<td>God</td><br />
<td>God</td><br />
<td>Eye</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-k.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>-Chk</td><br />
<td>Plural</td><br />
<td>Plural</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-le.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Lay</td><br />
<td>Spear</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Trident</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-n.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>-N-</td><br />
<td>Spirit</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-pe.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Pay</td><br />
<td>Plant</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Tree</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-ra.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Rah</td><br />
<td>Sky</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-re.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Ray</td><br />
<td>Light</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Sun</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-ri.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Riee</td><br />
<td>Water</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>River</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-ru.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Rooh</td><br />
<td>Earth</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Mountains</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-sa.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Saw</td><br />
<td>Sun</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Sun</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-se.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Say</td><br />
<td>Lightning</td><br />
<td>Spear</td><br />
<td>Lightning</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-si.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Siee</td><br />
<td>Dark</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-ta.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Tah</td><br />
<td>Sound</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-te.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Tay</td><br />
<td>Body</td><br />
<td>Man</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-to.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Tooh</td><br />
<td>Moon</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Moon</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-us.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Oose</td><br />
<td>Bow</td><br />
<td>Bow</td><br />
<td>Bow</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-ve.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Vay</td><br />
<td>Less</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[image:rune-vi.PNG]]</td><br />
<td>Viee</td><br />
<td>House</td><br />
<td>House</td><br />
<td>Town</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Nine Traditions Of Sagittarius ===<br />
<br />
The traditions of the sect are as follows:<br />
<br />
:1. Hospitality<br><br />
::''Everyone, regardless of race, creed, or nationality, shall be provided hospice.''<br />
<br />
:2. The Sacred Hunt<br><br />
::''You have been granted a [[Sacred Hunt]] and a [[Quarry]]. It is your purpose to pursue them without relenting.''<br />
<br />
:3. Peace<br><br />
::''We are more than animals, and armed conflict is the way of beasts. Do not fight without honor or reason.''<br />
<br />
:4. Artistry<br><br />
::''Art is what separates man from beast. The pursuit of the arts, in any form, should take precedence in your life.''<br />
<br />
:5. Commune<br><br />
::''Show others the respect you wish to receive yourself.''<br />
<br />
:6. Domain<br><br />
::''The [[Isle of Naudia'Diva|Island]] is sacred land. Treat it as such, and punish those who don't.''<br />
<br />
:7. Destruction<br><br />
::''Should the Island, the arts, or nature ever be threatened, it is your responsibility to protect them with your life.''<br />
<br />
:8. Station<br><br />
::''Show respect to those of higher station than you, but only respect they deserve.''<br />
<br />
:9. Mission<br><br />
::''It is your duty as a Hunter to cull the weak and promote evolution as best you can--even at the risk of making a species extinct.''<br />
<br />
== Leadership ==<br />
The [[Triat]] is the main body of leadership for the Hunters of the Stag. It is comprised of the First, the High Priest, and the [[Aurajinrale]]. The larger yet less powerful governing body for the Hunters of the Stag is the [[Pentat]], which consists of the [[Triat]], but adds the Guardian and the Armorer. The [[Pentat]] is representative of the first five Hunters ([[Sagittarius]], [[Rutaus]], [[Segovia]], [[Penryn]], and [[Torat]]), while the [[Triat]] is representative of the three aspirations of Hunters.<br />
<br />
== Rites of the Hunters of the Stag ==<br />
*The [[Initiation Ceremony]]<br />
*The [[Rite of the Earth-Mother]]<br />
*The [[Rite of War]]<br />
*The [[Rite of the Great Hunt]]<br />
*The [[Funeral Rite]]<br />
*The [[Birthrite]]<br />
*The [[Bloodhunt]]<br />
== Magic ==<br />
[[Horjinic magic]] is different from most other magics in that it manipulates spirits into performing actions for the spell caster. [[Horjinic mages]] follow several paths of magic, each related to an animal or object prevalent in Hunter's lives. All Hunters learn the [[Path of the Questing Stone]], and most learn the [[Path of the Stalking Tiger]], though this is not always the case.<br />
<br />
== Notable Hunters ==<br />
Besides [[Sagittarius]] and the other original Hunters, there have been a few [[Notable Hunters]] across the ages.<br />
<br />
== Standard Equipment ==<br />
=== Hunter's Garb ===<br />
Hunter's garb is a combination of leathers, dyed material, and natural fibers. They are usually dyed to match the environment they will be spending most of their time in: tan for the [[Auleauk Desert]]; green for the [[Nervena Plains]] and the [[Hordius Tan Jungle]]; or gray for the [[Sagitandi Mountains]].<br />
<br />
These clothes are always simple and are always made out of natural materials. Not only does this lend itself to the Hunter's slightly ascetic lifestyle, but it also helps one remain camouflaged.<br />
<br />
Hunters rarely, if ever, wear armor heavier than hard leather armor.<br />
<br />
Hunter's garb is sometimes enchanted to be resistant to specific elements. If this is the case, the article is tinted with a slight coloration: blue for water; red for fire; brown for earth; or gray for air.<br />
<br />
=== Hunting Knife ===<br />
A Hunter's primary tool is their knife. It is used in nearly every task a Hunter needs to perform and is even a key element in some of their rituals, particularly the little-known [[Path of the Blood Moon]] and the more common [[Path of the Berserk Sandworm]].<br />
<br />
=== Archery Gear ===<br />
It is a rare occurence to see a Hunter outside the Temple without their bow, and only slightly less startling to see them without it within the Temple grounds.<br />
<br />
In some cases, a Hunter whose preferred weapon is a missile (like a javelin) carries that weapon instead of a bow.<br />
<br />
To a small portion of the Hunter population, crossbow equipment is becoming increasingly popular.<br />
<br />
=== Weapons ===<br />
Each Hunter has a weapon that they choose--upon the completion of their initiaton--to specialize in. Though many of these weapons are not normally considered usable for hunting, the unique challenges that their prey present require the Hunters to go to great (and sometimes strange) lengths.<br />
<br />
[[Weapons of the Hunters of the Stag|Read more about the Hunters' weapon use.]]<br />
<br />
=== Magical Materials ===<br />
Most--but not all--Hunters carry common magical materials or the components for their favorite spells. In some cases (such as carrying ice for a [[Path of the Hero's Regalia]] spell), these components need spells of their own or special carrying methods.<br />
<br />
=== Totemsign ===<br />
''Ditantengon''<br />
<br />
{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|tan}}{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|gon}}<br />
<br />
All Hunters carry a sign of their personal totem, usually in the form of a pendant, necklace, or bracer. This sign can be actual (a bone) or symbolic (a carving), but is occasionally both. This ''totemsign'' glows gently when the Hunter is interacting with the totem, and changes color slightly depending on the totem's mood. Some totems (usually at the request of their Hunter) animate the ''totemsign'' to make it easier to communicate.<br />
<br />
=== Horjinsign ===<br />
''Horjingon''<br />
<br />
{{Rune|hor}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|gon}}<br />
<br />
''Horjinsign'' is a tattoo on the back of each Hunter's right wrist. It is unique to each Hunter, and is tattooed upon the conclusion of the [[Rite of Initiation]]. It serves much the same purpose as a Hunter's ''totemsign''.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Writings ==<br />
[[The Siege of the Questing Stone]]<br />
[[category:religion]][[category:fiction]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Horjinic_language&diff=18394Horjinic language2016-04-09T23:45:20Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox language<br />
| name= Horjinic<br />
| nativename= ''Horjingonak''<br />
| pronunciation= [{{IPA|ˌhɔrdʒinˈgonɑk|}}]<br />
| states= [[Shireroth]]<br />
| region= [[Isle of Naudia'Diva]]<br />
| speakers= Unknown<br />
| familycolor= tomato<br />
| fam1= Horjinic<br />
| script= Horjinic syllabary<br />
| nation= County of Naudia'Diva<br />
| agency= [[Hunters of the Stag]]<br />
| mic1= hrj<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The Hunters of the Stag speak a noun-based modular language. That is to say, in order to make a new word, you build new words by mashing together other words. In addition, there are no verbs in the Horjinic language; instead, you take a noun and add a verb ending, thereby making the necessary verb.<br />
<br />
For instance, the word for water is "''viet''" ( {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}} ). Therefore, to drink water would be said or written as "''vietatvile''" ( {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|le}} ) -- "''viet''" for water, and the present-tense verb ending "''atvile''". If it were to have drunk water (past tense), the word would instead be "''vietatvigi''" ( {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|gi}} ); conversely, if it were to drink water (future tense), the word would be "''vietatvisa''" ( {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|sa}} ).<br />
<br />
=== Runes ===<br />
<TABLE border=1><br />
<TR> <br />
<TH>Rune</TH><br />
<th>Anglicized<Br>Writing</th><br />
<th>Pronunciation</th> <br />
<TH>Old<br>Meaning</th><br />
<th>Modern<br>Meaning</th><br />
<th>Character<br>Origin</th><br />
</TR> <br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
<td>A</td><br />
<td>-Ah</td><br />
<TD>Female</TD> <br />
<td>Female</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|at}}</td><br />
<td>At</td><br />
<td>Att</td><br />
<td>Peace</td><br />
<td>Water</td><br />
<td>Shaking Hands</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|au}}</td><br />
<td>Au</td><br />
<td>Aouw</td><br />
<td>Shield</td><br />
<td>Shield</td><br />
<td>Shield</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}</td><br />
<td>Ax</td><br />
<td>Acks</td><br />
<td>Life</td><br />
<td>Life</td><br />
<td> </td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|di}}</td><br />
<td>Di</td><br />
<td>Dee</td><br />
<td>Death</td><br />
<td>Death</td><br />
<td> </td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|el}}</td><br />
<td>El</td><br />
<td>Ell</td><br />
<td>Victory</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|er}}</td><br />
<td>Er</td><br />
<td>Err</td><br />
<td>Resilience</td><br />
<td>Earth</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|es}}</td><br />
<td>Es</td><br />
<td>Ess</td><br />
<td>Wind</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|et}}</td><br />
<td>Et</td><br />
<td>Ehtt</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
<td>Fire</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|fa}}</td><br />
<td>Fa</td><br />
<td>Fah</td><br />
<td>Crops</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Scythe</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ga}}</td><br />
<td>Ga</td><br />
<td>Gah</td><br />
<td>Not</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|gi}}</td><br />
<td>Gi</td><br />
<td>Ghee</td><br />
<td>Strength</td><br />
<td>Air</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|go}}</td><br />
<td>Go</td><br />
<td>Goh</td><br />
<td>Fire</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|hor}}</td><br />
<td>Hor</td><br />
<td>Hoar</td><br />
<td>Cat</td><br />
<td>Animal</td><br />
<td>Eye</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ig}}</td><br />
<td>Ig</td><br />
<td>Igg</td><br />
<td>Stealth</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|jin}}</td><br />
<td>Jin</td><br />
<td>Jean</td><br />
<td>God</td><br />
<td>God</td><br />
<td>Eye</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|k}}</td><br />
<td>K</td><br />
<td>-Chk</td><br />
<td>Plural</td><br />
<td>Plural</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|le}}</td><br />
<td>Le</td><br />
<td>Lay</td><br />
<td>Spear</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Trident</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|n}}</td><br />
<td>N</td><br />
<td>-N-</td><br />
<td>Spirit</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|pe}}</td><br />
<td>Pe</td><br />
<td>Pay</td><br />
<td>Plant</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Tree</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ra}}</td><br />
<td>Ra</td><br />
<td>Rah</td><br />
<td>Sky</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|re}}</td><br />
<td>Re</td><br />
<td>Ray</td><br />
<td>Light</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Sun</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ri}}</td><br />
<td>Ri</td><br />
<td>Riee</td><br />
<td>Water</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>River</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ru}}</td><br />
<td>Ru</td><br />
<td>Rooh</td><br />
<td>Earth</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Mountains</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|sa}}</td><br />
<td>Sa</td><br />
<td>Saw</td><br />
<td>Sun</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Sun</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|se}}</td><br />
<td>Se</td><br />
<td>Say</td><br />
<td>Lightning</td><br />
<td>Spear</td><br />
<td>Lightning</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|si}}</td><br />
<td>Si</td><br />
<td>Siee</td><br />
<td>Dark</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ta}}</td><br />
<td>Ta</td><br />
<td>Tah</td><br />
<td>Sound</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|te}}</td><br />
<td>Te</td><br />
<td>Tay</td><br />
<td>Body</td><br />
<td>Man</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|to}}</td><br />
<td>To</td><br />
<td>Tooh</td><br />
<td>Moon</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Moon</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|us}}</td><br />
<td>Us</td><br />
<td>Oose</td><br />
<td>Bow</td><br />
<td>Bow</td><br />
<td>Bow</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ve}}</td><br />
<td>Ve</td><br />
<td>Vay</td><br />
<td>Less</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|vi}}</td><br />
<td>Vi</td><br />
<td>Viee</td><br />
<td>House</td><br />
<td>House</td><br />
<td>Town</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Limited Dictionary ===<br />
This is a basic dictionary with commonly accepted words among the Hunters of the Stag.<br />
<br />
<TABLE border=1><br />
<TR> <br />
<TH>English Word</TH><br />
<th>Anglicized Horjinic</th> <br />
<TH>Horjinic Runes</th><br />
</TR><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Air</TD><br />
<td>''Raga''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|ga}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>All</td><br />
<td>''Veto''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|to}}</td><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Angel</TD><br />
<td>''Totajinraleviataxten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Animal</TD><br />
<td>''Petara''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ra}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Arm</TD><br />
<td>''Axdiru''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|ru}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Back</TD><br />
<td>''Axdiel''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|el}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Big</TD><br />
<td>''Veus''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|us}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Bird</TD><br />
<td>''Viatax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Body</TD><br />
<td>''Axdi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Brother</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpeten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Cat</TD><br />
<td>''Risi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|si}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Chimaera</TD><br />
<td>''Petaranauvinraautaax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|vin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Death</TD><br />
<td>''Taax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Demon</TD><br />
<td>''Raautaax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Destruction</TD><br />
<td>''Taaxri''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|ri}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Divine</TD><br />
<td>''Totajinrale''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Dragon</TD><br />
<td>''Veusrengoteigeldi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|us}}{{Rune|ren}}{{Rune|go}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Earth</TD><br />
<td>''Fael''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Father</TD><br />
<td>''Fateelten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Fertility</TD><br />
<td>''Fateel''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Fire</TD><br />
<td>''Rengo''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ren}}{{Rune|go}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Foot</TD><br />
<td>''Axditesa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Gem</td><br />
<td>''Pelefael''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Gift</TD><br />
<td>''Jinrale''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>God</TD><br />
<td>''Tota''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Good</TD><br />
<td>''Pele''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|le}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Griffin</TD><br />
<td>''Rungarisiviatax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|run}}{{Rune|ga}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|si}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Hair</TD><br />
<td>''Axdivisa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Head</td><br />
<td>''Axdivi''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Horn</td><br />
<td>''Axdivijin''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|jin}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Horse</TD><br />
<td>''Sitadi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|si}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Hunt</td><br />
<td>''Regigo''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|re}}{{Rune|gi}}{{Rune|go}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Insect</TD><br />
<td>''Igfanpe''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|fan}}{{Rune|pe}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Island</TD><br />
<td>''Divea''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[Jackalope]]</td><br />
<td>''Axdivijink Igesto''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|k}} {{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|es}}{{Rune|to}}<br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>[[Kaiser]]</TD><br />
<td>''Totajinrale Horgorisa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}} {{Rune|hor}}{{Rune|go}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Leader</TD><br />
<td>''Horgorisa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|hor}}{{Rune|go}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Leg</TD><br />
<td>''Axdite''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|te}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Life</TD><br />
<td>''Fate''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Lion</TD><br />
<td>''Rungarisi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|run}}{{Rune|ga}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|si}}</TD><br />
</tr> <br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Little</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpe''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TD>Lizard</TD><br />
<td>''Teigeldi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Mage</td><br />
<td>''Ditanraau''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|tan}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|au}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Man</TD><br />
<td>''Ten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Many</TD><br />
<td>''Vega''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|ga}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Mark<br>Rune</td><br />
<td>''Gon''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|gon}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Mixture</TD><br />
<td>''Nauvin''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|vin}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Moon</TD><br />
<td>''Aurafateeltena''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Mother</TD><br />
<td>''Fateeltena''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Music</TD><br />
<td>''Peletovita''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|ta}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>One Who Uses<br>One Who Does</TD><br />
<td>''Raau''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|au}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Pain</TD><br />
<td>''Tovetaax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Pegasus</TD><br />
<td>''Viatax Sitadi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}} {{Rune|si}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Phoenix</TD><br />
<td>''Rengo Viatax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ren}}{{Rune|go}} {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Plains</TD><br />
<td>''Runga''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|run}}{{Rune|ga}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Planet</TD><br />
<td>''Veus Fael''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|us}} {{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Plant</td><br />
<td>''Faeljinrale''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Rabbit</td><br />
<td>''Igesto''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|es}}{{Rune|to}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>[[Shireroth]]</TD><br />
<td>''Fael Totajinrale Horgorisa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}} {{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}} {{Rune|hor}}{{Rune|go}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Sister</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpetena''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Sky</TD><br />
<td>''Aura''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ra}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Sound</TD><br />
<td>''Tovita''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|ta}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Spirit</td><br />
<td>''Ditan''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|tan}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Squid</TD><br />
<td>''Axdiruvietpetara''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|ru}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ra}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<TD>Star</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpe Aurafateelten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}} {{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Tiger</TD><br />
<td>''Totajinralerisi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|si}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Totem</td><br />
<td>''Ditanten''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|tan}}{{Rune|ten}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Unicorn</td><br />
<td>''Axdivijin Sitadi''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|jin}} {{Rune|si}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|di}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Very</td><br />
<td>''Vius''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|us}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Water</TD><br />
<td>''Viet''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Without</td><br />
<td>''Tove''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ve}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Wolf</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpenelig''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|nel}}{{Rune|ig}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Woman</TD><br />
<td>''Tena''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Red</td><br />
<td>''Nauet''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|et}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Orange</td><br />
<td>''Naugo''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|go}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Yellow</td><br />
<td>''Nausa''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|sa}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Green</td><br />
<td>''Naupe''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|pe}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Blue</td><br />
<td>''Nauri''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|ri}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Indigo</td><br />
<td>''Naudi''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|di}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Violet</td><br />
<td>''Nauto''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|to}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Black</td><br />
<td>''Nausi''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|si}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>White</td><br />
<td>''Naure''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|re}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Gray</td><br />
<td>''Naues''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|es}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Brown</td><br />
<td>''Nauru''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|ru}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Rainbow</td><br />
<td>''Naujin''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|jin}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Special Instances ===<br />
#Though it is given its own character, the "-n-" rune is most frequently attached to the closest vowel. Only in very select instances is it not. In cases where there are two vowels that it could attach to, it attaches left.<br />
#Vowel sounds that are next to each other are pronounced as one letter. Therefore, ''raau'' (one who does), is pronounced "rauw"; similarly, ''taax'' (death) is simply "tax".<br />
#The ending ''-atvila'' is given to any present-tense verb, ''-atvigi'' to any past tense, and ''-atvisa'' to any future tense.<br />
#The "-a" character ( {{Rune|a}} ) is only used on the end of compounds. It is not used at all on verbed words. For instance, a female bird is a ''viataxa''. But the word to fly, whether applied to a male or female, is always ''viataxatvila'' for present tense, ''viataxatvigi'' for past tense, and ''viataxatvisa'' for future tense.<br />
#In most instances, the "hor" sound starts a word. In all instances, "k" ends a word.<br />
#Words are written with breaks at hard sound points. For instance, ''veusrengoteigeldi'' is pronounced and written as one word, while ''viatax sitadi'' is written as two.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Examples of Translated Runes ==<br />
<br />
'''Aurajinrale''' ( {{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}} ) translates literally to "Sky-Gift". It is used to refer to those with [[oracular ability]].<br />
<br />
'''Ditantove''' ( {{Rune|di}}{{Rune|tan}}{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ve}} ) translates literally to "Spiritless" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]].<br />
<br />
The ''Ditantove'' themselves are frightening beasts, created by the [[Empire of Khaz Modan]] to hunt down and destroy rogue mages. The first ''Ditantove'' on the [[Isle of Naudia'Diva]] was sent there to destroy [[Sagittarius]]. It was defeated, and began creating copies of itself. Unfortunately, these copies were inferior and did not have pure intelligence. Rather, they had intelligence with deep primal destructive instincts laced through.<br />
<br />
The ''Ditantove'' also can shapeshift, repair themselves with proper equipment, and change their physical forms basically at will.<br />
<br />
[[image:Fanlesiten.png|right|thumb|200px|A ''Fanlesiten'']]<br />
<br />
The '''fanlesiten''' (plural ''Fanlesitenk''; "mushroom man"; {{Rune|fan}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|si}}{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|k}} ) is a small cousin to [[dryad]]s and other [[faerie]]s. They are the spirits of mushrooms. Standing between a half inch and two inches tall, they look similar to most mushrooms. What sets them apart is the small face on the stalk of the mushroom and the root-like bulbous feet on the base of the stalk.<br />
<br />
They consume salt in any form and emit a nutrient-rich dirt-like substance. [[Hunters of the Stag|Hunters]] use this substance as a fertilizer and sometimes have a family of ''fanlesitenk'' live in their gardens.<br />
<br />
''Fanlesitenk'' are intelligent enough to recognize patterns and use basic logic. They love to sing, especially in imitation, but they have trouble making out specific words and staying on key. They are trainable, however, and after hearing a song three or four times they will never forget it.<br />
<br />
''Fanlesitenk'' have a simple form of communication, consisting mostly of warbles and whistles.<br />
<br />
[[image:scan0031.jpg|thumb|right|Leviatan, depicted by the Hunters of the Stag]]<br />
<br />
'''Leviatan''' (or {{Rune|le}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|aun}} in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]]) is the [[Brookshire|Brookshiran]] [[Divine Census of Cedrism|god of the sea-beasts]]. He (or she; no one has bothered to check, but "he" is the commonly accepted concept of Leviatan) is a gigantic angler-fish and is whispered about in both the tales of the fishermen of [[Benacia]] and the [[Hunters of the Stag]]. Supposedly, he lives in the [[Cosimo Sea]], but this has not been proven.<br />
<br />
It has been rumored that Leviatan uses his angler to lure fishermen away from shore during storms and fog, blinking it on and off in much the same way as a lighthouse. As such, the Hunters of the Stag do not trust lighthouses, and the Benacian fishermen have learned tricks on how to thwart being captured by the "phantom lighthouse."<br />
<br />
For a short while, during the reign of [[Kaiser Raynor II]], when the [[Great Catapult]] had been built and strung with the flesh of [[Kalhamoraes]], the Benacians and the Hunters of the Stag rejoiced for a few short months, believing that Leviatan had been slain. However, with the disappearance of several more adventurous Benacian and Horjinic seacraft, they quickly realized that Leviatan and Kalhamoraes were ''not'' the same entity.<br />
<br />
The Hunters believe that Leviatan [[Transcendence and the Path of Transcendence|transcended]] simply from the amount of belief that the local inhabitants had in him.<br />
<br />
Certain groups of both the Benacians and the Hunters don't so much worship him as fear his awesome power, though there are Hunters who have been known to call upon his spirit for great deeds. [[Notable Hunters#Viataxa|One Hunter]] has even had him as a [[totem]].<br />
<br />
'''Risia''' ( [[Image:Rune-ri.PNG]][[Image:Rune-si.PNG]][[Image:Rune-a.PNG]] ) is unfortunately named, as it literally means "Female Cat" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]]. Naming someone this is akin to naming them "Kitty."<br />
<br />
'''Taaxa''' [[Image:Rune-ta.PNG]][[Image:Rune-ax.PNG]][[Image:Rune-a.PNG]] translates literally to "Female Death" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]]<br />
<br />
'''Peletovitaraaua''' translates literally to "Good Sound Maker Woman", but is more appropriately translated as "Female Musician" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]].<br />
<br />
'''Veusditan''' ( [[Image:Rune-ve.PNG]][[Image:Rune-us.PNG]][[Image:Rune-di.PNG]][[Image:Rune-ta.PNG]][[Image:Rune-n.PNG]] ) translates literally to "Big Spirit" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]].<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Veusfaax''' ( [[image:Rune-ve.PNG]][[image:Rune-us.PNG]][[image:Rune-fa.PNG]][[image:Rune-ax.PNG]] ) translates most closely to "Big Fall" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]], though it is usually used to refer to the gigantic waterfall, known as [[The Spire]] on the [[Isle of Naudia'Diva]].<br />
<br />
[[category:Shireroth]]<br />
[[category:Hunters of the Stag]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Gryphon_Avocatio/Sxir%C3%B3%C3%BEes&diff=18393Gryphon Avocatio/Sxiróþes2016-04-09T23:44:57Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{language<br />
|name=Shirerothian ConLang<br />
|nativename= ''Præta Sxiróþes''<br />
|familycolor=purple<br />
|nations=[[Shireroth]]<br />
|region= National<br />
|speakers=0<br />
|family= Shirerothian Languages<br />
|nation=[[Shireroth]]<br />
|agency= [[Gryphon Avocatio]] }}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Rosflag_200.png|right|frame|The Only Flag of Shireroth]]<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This page is a bit of a public scratch pad for the proposed Shirerothian Language. '''Sxiróþes''' is the genitive form of the word for [[Shireroth]] in the language, and in this case is short for '''Præta Sxiróþes''', meaning, roughly, ''Shireroth's Speech''.<br />
<br />
For the discussion, see [http://shireroth.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=195&t=12536&start=0 this thread] and others forthcoming in the University.<br />
<br />
== Alphabet ==<br />
<br />
The proposed alphabet for the language is as follows:<br />
<br />
Aa Bb Cc Çç Dd Ðð Ee Ff Gg Hh Ƕƕ Ii Jj Ll Mm Nn Oo Óó Pp Rr Ss Tt Þþ Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
<br />
=== Nominal Morphology ===<br />
<br />
Nouns in Shirerothian decline for number and case, based on gender. There are two numbers, singular and plural; two genders, "masculine" and "feminine"; and four cases. <br />
<br />
==== Masculine Nouns ====<br />
<br />
Masculine nouns end in consonants. In the fictional history of this language, there were distinguishing vowels at the ends of masculine nouns, but they were subsequently lost and now only the feminine forms have vowels word-finally.<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"<br />
<br />
| <br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
|<br />
| -e<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| -a<br />
| -e<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| -es<br />
| -ese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| -i<br />
| -im<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Feminine Nouns ====<br />
<br />
Feminine Nouns are those generally ending in either the letters 'a' or 'o', although other nouns and pronouns ending in vowels uses the following suffixes to display case as well. Some irregular nouns, like ''jor'', "yesterday", take feminine suffixes, despite their ending in consonants<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"<br />
<br />
| <br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
|<br />
| -ne<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| -n<br />
| -ne<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| -nes<br />
| -nese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| -ni<br />
| -nim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
The following is a simplified vowel chart. All of the sounds here match their orthographic equivalent except for [ø], which is written 'ó' in the alphabet. The segments in () are not phonemes, but the result of vowel harmony.<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"<br />
|<br />
! [-back]<br />
! [+back]<br />
|-<br />
! [+high][-low]<br />
| i (y)<br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! [-high][-low]<br />
| e (ø)<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! [-high][+low]<br />
| æ<br />
| ɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The vowel harmony rule for the language is very straightforward. [-low, -back] vowels (that is, o and u) become [+front] when the next vowel in the word is [-low, +front] (i.e. i and e). This is represented in the orthography by the changes from o&rarr;ó and u&rarr;y. For instance<br />
<br />
* læjo "road" &rarr; læjóne "roads"<br />
<br />
== Pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal Pronouns ===<br />
<br />
The personal pronouns essentially follow the same declension rules of the normal nouns. The feminine 3rd person forms also have shorter versions typically used in speech and less formal contexts. The longer versions are to be found in higher prose and poetry. Likewise, the language differentiates between feminine and masculine in the first person in formal contexts, but both genders can uses the masculine forms. <br />
<br />
There is also a third person non-gender-specific pronoun (3N) to be used in situations where gender is unclear (in singular) or in conditions where there are groups of people that are not all of the same gender (plural). Its form is currently subject to change, depending on the adoption of a separate Neuter Gender.<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"<br />
| ''Singular''<br />
! 1(M)<br />
! 1F<br />
! 2<br />
! 3M<br />
! 3F<br />
! 3N<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| æj<br />
| æjo<br />
| þu<br />
| el<br />
| elo<br />
| e<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| æja<br />
| æjon<br />
| þuna<br />
| ela<br />
| elona / elna<br />
| en<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| æjes<br />
| æjónes<br />
| þynes<br />
| eles<br />
| elónes / elnes<br />
| enes<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| æji<br />
| æjóni<br />
| þyni<br />
| eli<br />
| elóni / elni<br />
| eni<br />
|-<br />
| ''Plural''<br />
! 1(M)<br />
! 1F<br />
! 2<br />
! 3M<br />
! 3F<br />
! 3N<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| æje<br />
| æjóne<br />
| þyne<br />
| ele<br />
| elóne / elne<br />
| ene<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| æje<br />
| æjóne<br />
| þyne<br />
| ele<br />
| elóne / elne<br />
| ene<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| æjese<br />
| æjónese<br />
| þynese<br />
| elese<br />
| elónese / elnese<br />
| enese / ese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| æjim<br />
| æjónim<br />
| þynim<br />
| elim<br />
| elónim / elnim<br />
| enim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Possessive Pronouns ===<br />
<br />
Shirerothian does not indicate possession as it does in English. In English, ''-'s'' clitic is typically attached to the end of a noun phrase to indicate that the noun phrase to which it attaches possesses the following noun:<br />
<br />
* [John]'s house<br />
* [The man]'s house<br />
* [The guy I saw you with]'s house<br />
<br />
Shirerothian can do this to some extent, which is what the genitive form of nouns can do:<br />
<br />
* se ræd Eriçes (= Erik's house)<br />
* se ræd æjese (= our house)<br />
<br />
The language <s>has</s> will also have possessive pronouns that looks something like the following English equivalents. They are syntactically equivalent to ''-'s'' above, but are separate words:<br />
<br />
* [the man] his house (=the man's house)<br />
* [the woman] her daughter (=the woman's daughter)<br />
* [that guy I thought I saw you with] his cat (=that guy I thought I saw you with's cat)<br />
<br />
It can also indicate possession through the use of the preposition ''að'':<br />
<br />
* se ræd að Scoti (=the house of Scott's)<br />
<br />
=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===<br />
<br />
To come!</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Caligaean&diff=18392Caligaean2016-04-09T23:44:32Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{language<br />
|name=Caligaean<br />
|nativename= ''kaligaiska''<br />
|familycolor=brown<br />
|nations=[[Shireroth]], [[Hurmu]]<br />
|region= Northern [[Elwynn]]<br />
|speakers=unknown<br />
|family= Hurmu Dialects<br />
|nation= dialect<br />
|agency= none }}<br />
'''Caligaean''' (''kaligaiska'') is a dialect of [[Hurmu]]. Spoken in the [[Northern Reaches]] of [[Elwynn]], at [[Cape Farewell]], it is a Nordic language with lexical influences from the different populations that have inhabited Elwynn.<br />
<br />
[[category:Elwynn]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Elw_language&diff=18391Elw language2016-04-09T23:44:09Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{language<br />
|name=Elw<br />
|nativename= ''kyll Ellion''<br />
|familycolor=brown<br />
|nations=[[Shireroth]]<br />
|region= [[Elwynn]]<br />
|speakers=unknown<br />
|family= Unclassified<br />
|nation= dialect<br />
|agency= [[People's Academy of Elwynn]]}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Blah, blah, language of Elwynn<br />
<br />
<br />
== Orthography and Phonology ==<br />
<br />
UNDER REVISION<br />
<br />
While Elw has a calligraphic script, Elw is generally written with the Latin or Cyrillic script. The calligraphic script is used in art and for decoration, but in every-day language, either Latin or Cyrillic is employed.<br />
<br />
The modern alphabet in Latin and Cyrillic is:<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! Latin Upper Case<br />
| A<br />
| AA<br />
| B<br />
| D<br />
| E<br />
| F<br />
| G<br />
| H<br />
| I<br />
| J<br />
| K<br />
| L<br />
| LL<br />
| M<br />
| N<br />
| O<br />
| OO<br />
| P<br />
| Q<br />
| R<br />
| S<br />
| T<br />
| U<br />
| UU<br />
| V<br />
| X<br />
| Y<br />
| Z<br />
|-<br />
! Latin lower case<br />
| a<br />
| aa<br />
| b<br />
| d<br />
| e<br />
| f<br />
| g<br />
| h<br />
| i<br />
| j<br />
| k<br />
| l<br />
| ll<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| o<br />
| oo<br />
| p<br />
| q<br />
| r<br />
| s<br />
| t<br />
| u<br />
| uu<br />
| v<br />
| x<br />
| y<br />
| z<br />
|-<br />
! Cyrillic upper case<br />
| А<br />
| АА<br />
| Б<br />
| Д<br />
| Э<br />
| Ф<br />
| Г<br />
| Х<br />
| И<br />
| Й<br />
| К<br />
| Л<br />
| Љ<br />
| М<br />
| Н<br />
| О<br />
| ОО<br />
| П<br />
| Ћ<br />
| Р<br />
| С<br />
| Т<br />
| У<br />
| УУ<br />
| В<br />
| Ш<br />
| Ө<br />
| З<br />
|-<br />
! Cyrillic lower case<br />
| а<br />
| аа<br />
| б<br />
| д<br />
| э<br />
| ф<br />
| г<br />
| х<br />
| и<br />
| й<br />
| к<br />
| л<br />
| љ<br />
| м<br />
| н<br />
| о<br />
| оо<br />
| р<br />
| ћ<br />
| р<br />
| с<br />
| т<br />
| у<br />
| уу<br />
| в<br />
| ш<br />
| ө<br />
| з<br />
|-<br />
! General pronunciation (IPA)<br />
| [a]~[ɐ]<br />
| [aː]~[ɑː]<br />
| [b]<br />
| [d]<br />
| [e]~[eː]<br />
| [f]<br />
| [g]<br />
| [h]<br />
| [i(ː)]~[ɪ]<br />
| [j]<br />
| [k]<br />
| [l]<br />
| [lʷ]~[w]<br />
| [m]<br />
| [n]<br />
| [ɔ] [o]<br />
| [ɔː]~[oː]<br />
| [p]<br />
| [c]~[ɕ]~[χ]<br />
| [r]~[r]~[ʀ]<br />
| [s]<br />
| [t]<br />
| [ʊ]~[u]<br />
| [ʊː]~[uː]<br />
| [v]~[β]~[w]<br />
| [ʂ]~[ʃ]<br />
| [ɜ]~[ə]<br />
| [z]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Elw orthography has been reformed a few times since becoming a literary language when sounds change over time.<br />
<br />
The most common obsolete letters are these (which can still sometimes be seen in names and signs):<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! Obsolete Latin<br />
| Ā ā, Â â<br />
| Ē ē, Ê ê<br />
| Ī ī, Î î, Í í<br />
| Ō ō, Ô ô<br />
| Ū ū, Û û<br />
| Ŷ ŷ, Ý ý <br />
| C c<br />
| NG ng<br />
| PH ph<br />
| TH th<br />
|-<br />
! Equivalent Cyrillic<br />
| АА аа<br />
| Е е<br />
| І і<br />
| ОО оо<br />
| Уу Уу<br />
| Ү ү<br />
| Ч ч<br />
| Ң ң<br />
| Ф ф<br />
| Ѳ ѳ<br />
|-<br />
! Historical pronunciation<br />
| [aː]~[ɑː]<br />
| [eː]<br />
| [iː]<br />
| [ɔː]~[oː]<br />
| [uː]<br />
| [ɜː]<br />
| [tʃ]<br />
| [ŋ]<br />
| [ɸ]<br />
| [θ]<br />
|-<br />
! Replaced by letters:<br />
| AA aa<br />
| E e<br />
| I i<br />
| OO oo<br />
| UU uu<br />
| Y y<br />
| X x Q q<br />
| N n M m<br />
| F f B b<br />
| T t<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Grammar ==<br />
<br />
Blah blah<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
Nouns are highly regular and are declined according to a system. The system is dependent on whether the noun ends in ''-ll'', ''-r'', ''-aa'', ''-ai'', ''-as'', [include more]<br />
<br />
For the <br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -LL (''kyll'', "language")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -ll<br />
| -lloo<br />
| kyll<br />
| kylloo<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -llion<br />
| -llioon<br />
| kyllion<br />
| kyllioon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -lly-<br />
| -llia-<br />
| kylly-<br />
| kyllar-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -llyr-<br />
| -llar-<br />
| kyllyr-<br />
| kyllar-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -R (''door'', "country")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -r<br />
| -ria<br />
| door<br />
| dooria<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -rion<br />
| -roi<br />
| doorion<br />
| dooroi<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -ry-<br />
| -rie-<br />
| doory-<br />
| doorie-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -rj-<br />
| -rej-<br />
| doorj--<br />
| doorej-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -AA (''llynaa'', "lion")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -aa<br />
| -ea<br />
| llynaa<br />
| llynea<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -ean<br />
| -eoon<br />
| llynean<br />
| llyneoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -eo-<br />
| -eoo-<br />
| llyneo-<br />
| llyneoo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -aj-<br />
| -ej-<br />
| llynaj-<br />
| llynej-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -AI (''boorai'', "dinner")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -ai<br />
| -eai<br />
| boorai<br />
| booreai<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -ajon<br />
| -ajoon<br />
| boorajon<br />
| boorajoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -aja-<br />
| -eje-<br />
| booraja-<br />
| booreje-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -aj-<br />
| -ej-<br />
| booraj-<br />
| boorej-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -AS (''kas'', "nose, headland")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -as<br />
| -esme<br />
| kas<br />
| kasme<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -asmar<br />
| -asmui<br />
| kasmar<br />
| kasmui<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -asmy-<br />
| -asmyra-<br />
| kasmy-<br />
| kasmyra-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -asm-<br />
| -asmyr-<br />
| kasm-<br />
| kasmyr-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -E (''kaabe'', "start")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -e<br />
| -ar<br />
| kaabe<br />
| kaabar<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -eon<br />
| -eron<br />
| kaabeon<br />
| kaaberon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -e-<br />
| -a-<br />
| kaabe-<br />
| kaaba-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| -yr-<br />
| kaab-<br />
| kaabyr-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -I (''adi'', "dad")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -i<br />
| -ei<br />
| adi<br />
| adei<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -ion<br />
| -ejon<br />
| adion<br />
| adejon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -ie-<br />
| -ejo-<br />
| adie-<br />
| adejo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| -ej-<br />
| ad-<br />
| adej-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -IS (''noobis'', "prayer")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -is<br />
| -a<br />
| noobis<br />
| nooba<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -ezon<br />
| -esoon<br />
| noobezon<br />
| noobesoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -y-<br />
| -yze-<br />
| nooby-<br />
| noobyze-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| -yz-<br />
| noob-<br />
| noobyz-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -OO (''zoo'', "friend")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -oo<br />
| -eo<br />
| zoo<br />
| zeo<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -oon<br />
| -eoon<br />
| zoon<br />
| zeoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -oo-<br />
| -eo-<br />
| zoo-<br />
| zeoo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -ons-<br />
| -eons-<br />
| zons-<br />
| zeons-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -OOS (''roos'', "rain")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -oos<br />
| -os<br />
| roos<br />
| ros<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -osar<br />
| -osoon<br />
| rosar<br />
| rosoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -osmy-<br />
| -osmo-<br />
| rosmy-<br />
| rosmo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -osm-<br />
| -osm-<br />
| rosm-<br />
| rosm-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -U (''aranu'', "prince")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -u<br />
| -uu<br />
| aranu<br />
| aranuu<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -on<br />
| -ui<br />
| aranon<br />
| aranui<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -u-<br />
| -uri-<br />
| aranu-<br />
| aranuri-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| -ur-<br />
| aran-<br />
| aranur-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -UUN (''jemeruun'', "enemy")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -uun<br />
| -uu<br />
| jemeruun<br />
| jemeruu<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -on<br />
| -oon<br />
| jemeron<br />
| jemeroon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -uu-<br />
| -oo-<br />
| jemeruu-<br />
| jemeroo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -un<br />
| -on<br />
| jemerun-<br />
| jemeron-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! any other consonant (''araq'', "elder")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -<br />
| -i<br />
| araq<br />
| araqi<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -on<br />
| -oi<br />
| araqon<br />
| araqoi<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -o-<br />
| -oi-<br />
| araqo-<br />
| araqoi-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| --<br />
| araq-<br />
| araq-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Elwynn]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Yardistani_language&diff=18390Yardistani language2016-04-09T23:41:20Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox language<br />
| name= Yardistani<br />
| nativename= ''Iardîstato''<br />
| pronunciation= [{{IPA|jɑrdiˈstato|}}]<br />
| states= [[Shireroth]]<br />
| region= [[Yardistan]]<br />
| speakers= Unknown<br />
| familycolor= gold<br />
| fam1= Iardic<br />
| fam2= Insular<br />
| fam3= Inner<br />
| script= Latin (Yardistani variant)<br />
| nation= Shireroth<br />
| agency= None<br />
| mic1= yrd<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yardistani''' is the fictional native language of the people of [[Yardistan]]. In real life, it is actually a [[Constructed language | conlang]] developed by [[Gryphon Avocatio]].<br />
<br />
Yardistani is primarily based on Spanish vocabulary and grammar, but its pronunciation and spelling are more based on Germanic languages. It also has several influences from English, Swedish, and Japanese. Before it was adopted for use in micronations, Gryphon created the language to have a certain aesthetic value in his mind. Consequently,<br />
it looks rather peculiar. <br />
<br />
According to his fictional history for the language, Gryphon says that the language is derived from a trade pidgin, combining elements of a now-lost native language with Spanish and, to a lesser extent, Swedish from far-off traders. <br />
<br />
Also evolving from that long-lost language is [[Rantsilastani]], spoken in the territory of [[Rantsilastan]] in the south-east of the [[Isle of Yardistan]]. The only actual speaker of the language is [[Gryphon Avocatio]]. He has been working on the language intermittently for over eight years.<br />
<br />
This introduction is translated into Yardistani below.<br />
----<br />
'''Iardîstato''' ne Idiomr nativix fiktix du Hêntrsa [[Yardistan|dIardista]]. Nja Vidr verdix, ljo ne aktualís Idiomr konxtrutejix kju ne formaj par [[Gryphon Avocatio|Grifon Avocatio]].<br />
<br />
Iardîstato ne basaj primís nja Vokablulari ce Gramatikr Spanjâtix, ye ljona Habašavegr cOrþaši ne basaj maís nja Idiômrsa Jermanix. Habe Influênsrsa multix dÂngloto, du Svêriyeto, ce du Nihonto. Antís du ljo neja adoptaj par Usr nja Micronâtrsa, Grifon creaja ljo Idiomr par habejj Valihr aasþetix xpesifix nje Mêntrlo. Konsegešís, apara<br />
peculiarix.<br />
<br />
Akordaši nja Hixtoraat fiktix du Idiomr, Grifon haba kju Idiomr ne derivajix du ''Pidjin'' du Komersr, kombinaši Elemêntrsa du Idiomrsa nativix hrís-perdix kjan Spanjâtix ce, njExtentr maís-menix, Svêriyeto<br />
af Komêrsamajsa du Landsa leyix. <br />
<br />
Tam evolveši af oya Idiomr perdix ne [[Rantsilastani|Rantsilâstato]], habaj nje Tera du [[Rantsilastan|Rantsilasta]] njOrd sordix du [[Isle of Yardistan|Islr du Iardista]]. Habamaj aktualix solix du Idiomr ne [[Gryphon Avocatio|Grifon Avocatio]]. Le habe nej scribaši ljo Idiomr par maís kju novi ânrsa.<br />
<br />
==Yardistani Pronunciation==<br />
Yardistani is in some ways difficult to pronounce. There are a number of consonant sounds that occur in the language that sound very similar and that do not occur in the English language (including retroflex and palatal fricatives). There is also, in several cases, more than one way to spell several consonant sounds, but generally any group of letters can only be pronounced one way; for instance, the combination 'sk' and 'xk' are both pronounced [sk], and 'š' and 'sj' are both pronounced as [ʃ] (the 'sh' sound in English).<br />
<br />
Generally speaking, Yardistani vowels follow the conventions of a continental language, with some variation in precise quality based on stress and position in a word. The real exception to this is 'u' which can have three pronunciations with no distinction indicated in the orthography. For instance, in the word <siu> ''city'', it is pronounced [u] (as in English ''rude''); in 'su' and 'ku' ''yes'' and ''no'', it is pronounced [ʊ] (as in ''put''), and in 'du' ''of'', it is pronounced [ɨ] (think Californian ''dude!'').<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
<br />
===Alphabets===<br />
The Yardistani Alphabet comprises 27 letters:<br />
<br />
A B C D E F G H I Í J K L M N O P R S Š T U V X Y Z Þ<br />
<br />
There are some variations on this; for instance, some dialects use 'æ' instead of 'aa' in words like 'hixtoraat/historæt', but this is very uncommon. In some older texts, 'š' is printed as 'ж' (an 'x' with a vertical bar through it), such that words like 'talaši' would instead be 'talaжi'. This convention has been abandoned, but can occasionally be seen in older texts. Also, it is not uncommon to see '-jj' handwritten as a single 'j' with an accute accent; however, no such character exists in Unicode.<br />
<br />
Circumflex accents are written over vowels to show stress when words do not follow the normal prosodic rules of the language. This can happen for a number of reasons: the word may have a different stress pattern phonemically, suffixes may have altered the number of syllables a word has, or the word is a loan. The letters I and Í are considered separate.<br />
<br />
The alphabet also lacks characters found in the English alphabet, namely 'Q' and 'W'. These letters do not occur in Yardistani. The language opts to adapt loan words to the native orthography. Thus, if names such as 'Enrique' and 'William' were to be loaned into the language, one would expect them to be spelt 'Enrike' and 'Uiljam' or 'Uiljamr'. Of course, as the latter is not loaned into the language, it would still be written as in English. Othe exceptions include scientific names, like 'W-bosonr'.<br />
<br />
Yardistani also has its own script, '''Yômato''' (lit. 'reading language'). It is derived heavily from Greek, though it has its own, purely Yardistani influence. A font is known to exist. [[image:iardia.png|thumb|right|A sign one might see at a Yardistani port or airport. It reads "Welcome to Yardistan. If you have imports to declare, please go to the left."]]<br />
<br />
Yardistani can also be written in runes, which is most common in the north-east of the island.<br />
<br />
===Spelling===<br />
Spelling in Yardistani can sometimes be anomalous, as mentioned above. Most letters have only one pronunciation. The ones that are pronounced vastly differently than they are in English are listed below:<br />
<br />
====Consonants====<br />
*'''C'''<br />
**[tʃ], as the 'ch' in English 'chair'. This is '''always''' the pronunciations.<br />
*'''J'''<br />
**[ʒ], as the 'si' in 'fusion', but only at the beginning of words<br />
**[j], as the 'y' in 'yes', directly after or before consonants<br />
**[dʒ], as in the 'j' in 'judge' elsewhere.<br />
*'''R'''<br />
**This letter is the most complicated in the language. Some hard, fast rules are that it is always a flapped [ɾ] at the beginnings of words and between vowels, but at the end of words it can be more complex.<br />
*'''Š'''<br />
**[ʃ], as the 'sh' in Shireroth.<br />
*'''X'''<br />
**[z], as the 'x' in 'xerograph', at the beginnins of words<br />
**[s], like the 's' in 'start', before voiceless consonants (see below)<br />
**[ks], as the 'x' in 'fix', elsewhere.<br />
*'''Y'''<br />
**[ʝ]. There exists no equivalent sound in English. It can be approximated by making the vowel in the English word 'be' and pushing the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth until there is vibration. It sounds very similar to [j] and [ʒ] and should not be confused.<br />
*'''Þ'''<br />
**[θ], as the 'th' in 'thank', but '''never''' the 'th' in 'that'.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Combinations====<br />
There are many orthographic consonant clusters in Yardistani that have less-than-obvious phonetic correspondences:<br />
<br />
*CJ - [ç], roughly the 'h' in an emphatic English 'huge'<br />
*DJ - [dʒ], usually only at the beginnings of words<br />
*GR - [ʀ], no English equivalent. Basically the 'r'-sound of French and some German dialects. <br />
*HR - [ʂ], no standard English equivalent. Produced by curling the tongue back slightly whilst making an 's'-sound<br />
*JJ - [ʒ]<br />
*KJ - [dʒ]<br />
*SJ - [ʃ]<br />
*ŠJ - [ʒ]<br />
*XK, XT, XP - These are the prefered ways of spelling the sounds [sk], [st], and [sp], respectively. 's' can generally be used in place of 'x'; for instance 'Hixtoraat' vs. 'Historaat' ''History''. However, some words are usually spelt with an 's', like 'Iardîstato' (compared with the less common 'Iardîxtato').<br />
<br />
====Vowels====<br />
Vowels are virtually all pronounced differently than they are in most English dialects. The pronunciation guides given below are for General American English.<br />
<br />
* '''A'''<br />
** [ɑ], as the 'o' in 'pot', when stressed and before 'r'<br />
** [a] elsewhere, though it can reduce to [ə], especially at the ends of words.<br />
* '''E'''<br />
** [e], as the 'a' in 'fate', before 'r' and word-finally (thought not in some short words like 'ne' and 'ye')<br />
** [ɛ], as 'e' in 'met', elsewhere.<br />
*'''I''' <br />
** [ɪ], as the 'i' in 'bit'<br />
** [j], as the 'y' in 'yes', before vowels; <br />
** [i], as the 'ee' in 'beet', word finally.<br />
*'''Í'''<br />
** [i], as the 'ee' in 'beet'. '''Never''' [ɪ]<br />
*'''O''' <br />
** [ɔ], as the 'au' in East-coast English 'caught'<br />
** [o], as the 'oa' in 'boat', word-finally.<br />
*'''U'''<br />
** [ʊ]<br />
** [ɨ]<br />
** [u]<br />
<br />
*'''AA''' <br />
** [æ], as the 'a' in 'cat'.<br />
*'''AE''', '''AI''', '''AJ''' (before a consonant)<br />
**[aɪ], as the word 'I' in English. This is the only non-loned diphthong in the language.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
There are a number of phonological processes at work in Yardistani. Some are described below.<br />
<br />
===Consonant Phonemes===<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"<br />
! &nbsp;<br />
! Bilabial<br />
! Labiodental<br />
! Dental <br />
! Alveolar <br />
! Postalveolar<br />
! Retroflex<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Uvular<br />
! Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! Plosive<br />
| p b<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| t d<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| kg<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| ʔ<br />
|-<br />
! Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| n<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Trill<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| r<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| (ʀ)<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Tap<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| (ɾ)<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Fricative<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| f v<br />
| θ <br />
| s z<br />
| ʃ ʒ<br />
| ʂ<br />
| ç ʝ<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Approximant<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| (ɹ)<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| j<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Lateral<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| l<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The sounds in brackets, [ɾ], [ɹ] and [ʀ], are likely all surface representations of the phoneme /r/. That means they are not phonemes themselves, but as they are quite common sounds in the language it is useful to show them in the distribution. The actual sound [r] only occurs as an emphatic variation of [ɾ].<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
Yardistani has nine vowel phonemes (that is, contrasting vowel sounds). There is a three-way height distinction at the phonemic level, as well as a tense/lax distinction for high vowels. It is unclear whether schwa (the mid-central vowel) is in fact phonemic. Likewise, the high back vowels, which show considerable variation, may be analysable in another manner.<br />
<br />
Note too that there are a number of allophones not shown here. As the pronunciation section above shows, many vowels have pronunciations that vary based on environment.<br />
<br />
[[image:vokalrsaiardix.png]]<br />
<br />
===Phonological Rules===<br />
There are a number of rules that affect pronunciation of the languange.<br />
<br />
The vocalic phonemes /ɪ/ and /u/ become semivowels [j] and [w], respectively, before vowels.<br />
<br />
When /r/ directly precedes /s/ in a word, both segments become retroflex so that they are pronounced [ɻʂ].<br />
<br />
Word-finally, /r/ can devoice, becoming a voiceless trill [r˳]. Between two consonants, it becomes syllabic [ɹ].<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
Yardistani syntax is for the most part straightforward. It is left-headed, and most often sentences are in the Subject-Verb-Object ('''SVO''') order, just like English. However, Yardistani shows considerably more variation. Despite being undeclined, the language has relatively free word order, especially where pronouns are in use. The following two sentences are equivalent:<br />
<br />
*Je Di sabi.<br />
*Sabi Je Di<br />
*Je sabi Di.<br />
*Di sabi Je.<br />
<br />
All four mean "I don't know you". They are SOV, VSO, SVO, an OSV, the last being rare. The free movement here is partially due to the fact that Yardistani personal pronouns have both nominative and oblique forms, thus making the subject and object of a verb discernable.<br />
<br />
Yardistani is also a PRO-drop language, meaning that the language does not require all of its sentences to have overt subjects. However, Yardistani verbs do not conjugate for person, so it is common not to drop subjects unless it is clearly understood:<br />
<br />
*Je kere vejj, ye podi. ''I want to go, but (I) cannot.''<br />
<br />
A few verbs, like 'dajj' (which in its subjectless instances translates as 'there is/are'), do not take subjects at all.<br />
<br />
*'''Da''' trivi Majnsa nje Mrki. '''''There are''''' ''three people in the house''.<br />
<br />
<br />
There are many other differences between Yardistani and English:<br />
<br />
*Adjectives must '''always''' follow nouns.<br />
**Tâlrsa '''grandix''' ne veneši. - '''''Big''' changes are coming.''<br />
<br />
*Prepositions cannot be stranded. <br />
**¿'''Nja''' Kye daja De oyo? - ''Whom did you give this '''to'''?'' (lit. '''''To''' whom''...)<br />
<br />
*Yardistani has a tendency towards what is called verb-second word order. This basically means that when there are adverbs in sentences, the verb likes to let the adverbs precede it and to let the subject come afterwards.<br />
**¡Hrís '''sabe''' Je! - ''Now I '''know'''!''<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
Morphologically, Yardistani is fairly simple. Independent morphemes (or words, for the sake of this discussion) generally take suffixes when they undergo morphological processes, though there are a handful of prefixes as well. The place where morphology is most important is in the conjugation of verbs, but now declension is equally important. Below is an overview of the most important processes in the language.<br />
<br />
===Verb Conjugation===<br />
Verbs in Yardistani come in two classes, those ending in '-ajj' and those ending in '-ejj'. By and large, '-ajj' verbs are the more common. The conjugations of each of these verb types is normalized--there are no irregulars in the language.<br />
<br />
Yardistani verbs conjugate for tense and polarity (whether the sentence is affirmative or negative), and, in some cases, mood. Unlike many western languages, they do not conjugate for person or number. That means that for any given subject, be it 'John', 'We', or 'you', the verb form will be the same assuming the tense, the mood, and the polarity are not different.<br />
<br />
====Indicative====<br />
Below are charts for the most common indicative verb forms in Yardistani. Used in each example are the verbs 'habajj' ''to speak'' and 'sabejj' ''to know''.<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! Conjugation<br />
! Positive<br />
! Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| habajj<br />
| habôjj*<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| haba<br />
| habo<br />
|-<br />
! Preterite<br />
| habaja<br />
| habajo<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| habaje<br />
| habaji<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! Conjugation<br />
! Positive<br />
! Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| sabejj<br />
| sabîjj*<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| sabe<br />
| sabi<br />
|-<br />
! Preterite<br />
| sabeja<br />
| sabejo<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| sabeje<br />
| sabeji<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The negative infinitives are forms that only appear in the spoken language and are generally not found in writing. For instance, a person might say 'Je kere sabîjj' ''I don't want to know'' (or literally, ''I want to not know''), but in writing, it is considered more correct to write 'Je keri sabejj'.<br />
<br />
The indicative conjugations follow a regular pattern when it comes to polarity: those ending in 'a' or 'e' are positive, those ending in 'o' or 'i' are negative.<br />
<br />
There are other tenses as well. This includes the imperfect with the ending '-Vjja' for positive and '-Vjjo' for negative (where 'V' stands for either vowel 'a' or 'e'). Use of the tense is generally restricted to very formal speech and writing, and is usually replaced with the the preterite in informal registers. Even rarer is the habitual past (which is really a grammatical aspect and not a tense) indicated with '-Vša/o'. This only occurs in literary style and is quite archaic; for instance 'Le habaša kjan Mâtrlo kado Dihr' ''He spoke with his mother every day'' (implying he had done this for a long time and may still).<br />
<br />
Yardistani also has perfect variations of all of its tenses, formed with the verb 'tenejj' followed by the main verb in the past participle form; for instance, 'Le Ji tene habaj' ''She has spoken to me''.<br />
<br />
====Imperative====<br />
Yardistani has two ways of expressing the imperative (that is, to give commands). The more formal way of doing so is with the particle 'kju' preceding the verb conjugated in the present indicative:<br />
<br />
*Kju habo kjan Ji. - ''Don't talk to me.''<br />
*Kju ayua Jôlosa. - ''Help your friends.''.<br />
<br />
The subject can sometimes be included to help differentiate between who is being commanded:<br />
<br />
*Kju De ve nja Tendr. - ''Go (you) to the store.''<br />
*Kju Jitesa ve nja Tendr. - ''Let's go to the store.''<br />
<br />
It's also not uncommon to use the imperative to express hopes or wishes about a subject who is not present, and to use it with stative verbs in certain contexts. For instance, a Yardistani speaker might say 'Kju Talr vene hrís' to mean ''I hope Talr comes now'' or ''May Talr come now'', though it might literally be translated as something like ''Come now, Talr''. Likewise, the imperative is sometimes used with verbs that can't normally be commanded; for instance, somebody might say to another 'Kju sabe Ângloto' (lit. ''Know English'') to indicate that they hope a person learns English successfully. These usages overlap in many ways with the subjunctive mood of other languages, but they are distinct in Yardistani. This is partially because the subjunctive is falling out of use and also because of certain syntactic limitations on the subjunctive itself (which will be discussed below).<br />
<br />
'Kju' is not the only particle that can be used to indicate the imperative--'plaat' can also be used. Considered to be much more formal and polite, it is generally translated as ''please''; for instance, 'Plaat ayua Jôlosa' ''Please help your friends.''<br />
<br />
There is a much less formal way of forming an imperative in Yardistani, and that is by simply using the verb root. For instance, 'habajj' becomes '¡Hab!. In single syllable verbs, like 'vejj' ''to go'', the vowel is preposed, such that we get '¡'''Ev''' De nja Tendr' ''Go to the store!''. Commands of this type are almost always written with exclamation marks. These commands are also considered to be less respectful and even rude when used in certain contexts, but they also convey a sense of urgency. They do not conjugate for polarity, so the particle 'ku' (sometimes 'kuu'), meaning 'no', is inserted after the verb; for instance '¡Hab ku kjan Le!' ''Don't talk to her!''<br />
<br />
====Subjunctive====<br />
The Yardistani subjunctive, like the imperfect and the habitual, is generally only seen in formal writing. It is used to indicate a state of affairs that is not or may not be the case. For instance:<br />
<br />
*Je kere kju Fjedr sabeju. - ''I don't want Fjedr to know''<br />
*Le'xpere kju habajr De kjan Talr. - ''She hopes that you speak with Talr''.<br />
<br />
Subjunctive conjugations are distinguishable by their endings--'aa' in place of 'a/e' for positives, and 'u' in place of 'o/i' for negatives. The forms are slightly different:<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"<br />
! Conjugation<br />
! Positive<br />
! Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Present<br />
| -Vjr<br />
| -Vju<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| -Vcjr<br />
| -Vcju<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
The past subjunctive covers the preterite, imperfect, and habitual. There is no form for the future.<br />
<br />
===Noun Morphology===<br />
Nouns in Yardistani do not undergo a great number of processes. There is no gender and there are no case distinctions except in the personal pronouns, discussed below.<br />
<br />
====Nouns Derived from Verbs====<br />
Many nouns are derived directly from verbs, identifiable by their suffixes. For instance, compare these forms derived from the verb 'habajj' ''to speak'':<br />
<br />
* 'Habr' - speech in general, the concept of speaking<br />
** Linguîxtamajsa pensa kju Habr ne interesantix. ''Linguists think that speech is interesting.''<br />
* 'Habo' - Something spoken, a speech or address<br />
** Je sabe Hâbolo. ''I know what he said.'' (lit. ''I know his speech.'')<br />
* 'Hâbamaj' - A speaker, somebody who is/was speaking<br />
** Je gustaja Hâbamaj. ''I liked the speaker''<br />
<br />
====Plural and Possessive Suffixes====<br />
Yardistani marks plurals by attaching the suffix '-sa' to the ends of nouns:<br />
<br />
* Katr ''cat'' + -sa = Kâtrsa ''cats''<br />
<br />
Yardistani also uses suffixes to indicate possession. There is a suffix for each grammatical person:<br />
<br />
* First person uses the suffix '''-jo'''<br />
** Katr + -jo = Kâtrjo ''my/our cat''<br />
* Second person uses '''-do'''<br />
** Katr + -do = Kâtrdo ''your cat''<br />
* Third person uses '''-lo'''<br />
** Katr + -lo = Kâtrlo ''his/her/its/their cat''<br />
<br />
As you can see, there is no distinction in number in these suffixes and the meaning must be gleaned from context.<br />
<br />
The order of the plural and possessive suffixes is unimportant. This means that 'Kâtrsalo' is equivalent to 'Kâtrlosa'.<br />
<br />
Yardistani also has a genitive suffix '-na'. This suffix comes last, and functions much in the same way that '-'s' does in English:<br />
<br />
*Tâlrna libr - ''Talr's book''<br />
*Mâtrdona jojo - ''Your mother's friend.'' <br />
*Kâtrsalona Matr - ''His cats' mother''<br />
<br />
It is also very common to use the preposition 'du' to form these same phrases; for instance 'Matr du Kâtrsalo' means ''the mother of his cats''.<br />
<br />
====Personal Pronouns====<br />
Yardistani distinguishes four persons: first, dual, second, and third. Their forms are below:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
!rowspan="2" |Person<br />
!colspan="2" |Singular<br />
!colspan="2" |Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
! Oblique<br />
! Nominative<br />
! Oblique<br />
|-<br />
! 1st<br />
| Je<br />
| Ji<br />
| Jesa<br />
| Jisa<br />
|-<br />
! Dual<br />
| style="background:#999999;" | &nbsp;<br />
| Jitesa<br />
| style="background:#999999;" | &nbsp;<br />
| Jitesa<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd<br />
| De<br />
| Di<br />
| Desa<br />
| Disa<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd<br />
| Le<br />
| Li<br />
| Lesa<br />
| Lisa<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The dual person is used when talking about oneself (or the group the speaker belongs to) and the person or people the speaker is speaking to. Thus, it is inherently plural and has no singular forms.<br />
<br />
The nominative forms are used in subject positions of sentences. The oblique is used as the object of verbs or prepositions.<br />
<br />
===Adjectives and Adverbs===<br />
All adjectives in Yardistani end in '-ix'; for instance 'yahix' ''cold'' or 'nalix' ''white''. There is no agreement between the adjective and the nouns they modify, so the form is always the same. Thus there is no difference in the adjectives 'libr nehix' for ''new book' and 'lîbrsa nehix' for ''new books''.<br />
<br />
Adverbs end in '-ís' and generally have the same roots as Adjectives. Thus 'nehís' means ''newly'' where 'nehix' means 'new'. <br />
<br />
==Yardistani and its Relation to Other Languages==<br />
Yardistani is a language comprised heavily of loan words. As such, its relation to other languages is very important to its understanding. The language's relationship to Spanish, for instance, is comparable to English's relationship to French. English has its distinct syntax and grammar, its own pronunciation, and its own core vocabulary, but almost inexplicable amounts of the language are loaned from French and other Romantic sources. Yardistani is much the same as English in this example: it has a number of core vocabulary and its own grammar, but the language is primarily based on Spanish words.<br />
<br />
Yardistani shares some vocalbulary with [[Rantsilastani]], evidentaly from a common ancestor. This relationship is most evident in a number of verbs, but exists in many lexical categories: <br />
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! Yardistani<br />
! Rantsilastani<br />
! Gloss<br />
|-<br />
| nejj<br />
| nej<br />
| to be<br />
|-<br />
| dajj<br />
| dej<br />
| to be (locative)<br />
|-<br />
| talajj<br />
| talej<br />
| to change ''(also'' to move ''in Rant.)''<br />
|-<br />
| Mrki<br />
| merko<br />
| Y: House; R: hut, shelter<br />
|-<br />
| -na<br />
| -na<br />
| ''genitive suffix''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Useful Phrases in Yardistani==<br />
<br />
*Hi! - ''¡Allo!'' or ''¡Don!<br />
*Hello - ''Donsu''<br />
*Goodbye - ''Donku''<br />
*My name is... - ''Nâmrjo ne...''<br />
*Where is...? - ''Xo da ...?''<br />
*I want to go to Novi Nigrad - ''Je kere vejj nja Nigrad Nehix''<br />
*I hope everybody is well and that the bomb are not killing you quickly. - ''J'espere kju Tôdrsa nejr bonís, ce kju Bômbrsa Disa mataju rapís''<br />
<br />
''See Also:'' [[Del-al'Enetet]], [[Radarasilikan]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction]][[category:Yardistan]][[Category: Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Written_Halluci&diff=18389Written Halluci2016-04-09T23:40:52Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>==TheLanguage of Hallucination==<br />
<br />
The language of [[Hallucination]] was established under the reign of the second, and last of the [[Baron]]s of [[Halluci]], Baron [[Ozarka Monto]]. Although many reforms have been made to it, especially after the [[ezBoard attack]]. The complete version is listed below.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''English................Written Halluci'''<br />
*''c,a,e,i,o,u''...............a<br />
*''b,p,f''.....................ú (Alt + 163)<br />
*''d,g,h''.....................g<br />
*''j,k,l''.....................Ç (Alt + 128)<br />
*''m,n,o''.....................ñ (Alt + 164)<br />
*''p,q''.......................p<br />
*''r,t''.......................æ (Alt + 145)<br />
*''s''.........................s<br />
*''u,v''.......................U<br />
*''w,z''.......................╡ (Alt + 949)<br />
*''x''.........................x<br />
*''y''.........................j<br />
The space between each word is marked with an ~, so the word [[Kaiser]] Los would be written, in [[Halluci]], as Çasaæ-Çñs. If a word repeats, such as the letter a in [[Halluci]] is used for both a and i in the English spelling of [[Kaiser]], you would only write the [[Halluci]] 'a' once. <br />
<br />
To end a sentence the English '.' is used, so the phrase "Good bye." in English would be "gag-úja.". Note, in written [[Halluci]] you do not use capital letters, whatsoever.<br />
<br />
Hope you enjoyed this lesson by Ozarka Monto =D<br />
<br />
[[category:culture]]<br />
[[category:Kildare]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Rantsilastani_language&diff=18388Rantsilastani language2016-04-09T23:39:48Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{YAC}}<br />
<br />
{{infobox language<br />
| name= Rantsilastani<br />
| nativename= ''Rantsilastani''<br />
| pronunciation= [{{IPA|ˈrɑntsilɑstɑni|}}]<br />
| states= [[Shireroth]]<br />
| region= Southeastern [[Yardistan]]<br />
| speakers= Unknown<br />
| familycolor= gold<br />
| fam1= Iardic<br />
| fam2= Insular<br />
| fam3= Outer<br />
| script= Latin (Rantsilastani variant)<br />
| nation= Shireroth<br />
| agency= None<br />
| mic1= rsl<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[image:Rantsilastan.png|thumb|right|Rantsilastan is a territory in the south east of the Isle of Yardistan]]<br />
<br />
'''Rantsilastani''' is the language spoken by the people of [[Rantsilastan]].<br />
<br />
It is a [[Constructed language | conlang]] created by [[Gryphon Avocatio]]. It is related to [[Yardistani language | Yardistani]], Finnish, and Swedish. Syntactically, Rantsilastani is a right-headed language. Generally, sentences are in the Subject Object Verb order, but as the language is heavily declined these elements can be mixed up in most imaginable orders.<br />
<br />
The language has undergone a number of changes since it was first conceived, especially after Gryphon left micronations and learned more about actual linguistics. In its earliest forms, it looked like this:<br />
<br />
*Arikmetzlerÿ forstäkaisero në. Skoþalexanderÿ stroäkaisero naë. Vÿ ensäkaisero najë, tÿ kuveya në.<br />
*''Erik Metzler was the first Kaiser. Scott Alexander is the current Kaiser. It is unknown who will be the next Kaiser.''<br />
<br />
Nowadays, the same sentence would be rendered like this:<br />
<br />
*Ariky Metzlery forsta kaisero në. Skoþy Aleksandery nuana kaisero naë. Vy ta nesta kaisero najë kuvejja në.<br />
*Erik.NOM Metzler.NOM first kaiser.ACC be.PST. Scott.NOM Alexander.NOM now.GEN kaiser.ACC be.PRES. Who COMP next kaiser.ACC be.FUT unknown be.PRES.<br />
<br />
Compare this to the same sentence in Yardistani:<br />
<br />
*Aarik Metzler neja Kaiser primix. Xkos Alexandro ne Kaiser hrix. Ne kusabejix kje neje Kaiser proxix.<br />
*Erik Metzler be.PST kaiser first. Scott Alexander be.PRES kaiser current. be.PRES unknown who be.FUT kaiser next.<br />
<br />
The language is still very underdeveloped, lacking heavily in vocabulary (most of which has been loaned from Scandinavian, as well as Old English and Finnish) as well as useful declensions.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Noun Declension ==<br />
Nouns in Rantislastani are fully declined; that is to say, the words change form depending upon their syntactic position in a sentence, generally by taking a suffix. Taking a word like 'boko' ''book'', we get various different forms:<br />
<br />
*Nominative: boky (i.e. the subject of a sentence)<br />
*Accusative: boko (i.e. the direct object)<br />
*Dative: boktil (i.e. the indirect object, as well as a destination)<br />
*Genitive: bokna (i.e. like the possessive ''-'s'' suffix in English)<br />
*Locative: boki<br />
*Ablative: bokaf<br />
<br />
There are more case endings than this--these are meant only to serve as examples. The citation forms of nouns in Rantsilastani (that is, the dictionary form) is the accusative form.<br />
<br />
== Vowel Harmony ==<br />
Rantsilastani exhibits a form of vowel harmony not dissimilar to that of Finnish, though it is somewhat similar. The basic rules are as follows:<br />
<br />
*A vowel (excluding /a/ and /i/) has the same value for [round] as the vowel that proceeds it.<br />
*A vowel has the same value for [front] as the vowel that proceeds it.<br />
<br />
The consequence of this is that words will change pronunciation based upon what suffix they might have. Take for example the words below:<br />
<br />
*Fronting: boko = ['bo.ko] -> boky = ['bø.ky]<br />
*Rounding: kato = ['kɑ.to] -> katy = ['ka.ty]<br />
<br />
Due to the vowel distribution of Rantsilastani, both rounding and fronting cannot affect the same vowel. However, the process can create homophones with words containing /y/, /e/ and /o/. For instance, the words 'huso' and 'hyso' are pronounced differently, but in their Locative forms they are pronounced the same way--'husi' and 'hysi' are both ['hy.si]. Likewise /o/ can is fronted to [ø], and /e/ is rounded to [ø]. <br />
<br />
It should be noted that the vowel phoneme /a/ effectively blocks roundness harmony, but /i/ is transparent. That means that if there are rounded vowels after /i/, vowels coming before /i/ will be rounded too.<br />
<br />
Though this all seems complex, the changes that occur are systematic and easily remembered.<br />
<br />
[[category:fiction]]<br />
[[category:culture]]<br />
[[category:Yardistan]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Radarasilikan&diff=18387Radarasilikan2016-04-09T23:39:34Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Radarasilikan''' is a [[conlang|constructed language]] written and developed by [[Scott Alexander]]. Although initially created as a diversion from boredom during school lectures, it was eventually adopted as the fictional language of [[Hyperborea]].<br />
<br />
The language is mostly based on a number of lexical roots of the form CVCVC. These roots take suffixes that serve both inflectional and derivational purposes, defining a word's part of speech and providing semantic information about the meaning. This is further augmented with prefixed "particles", which are really prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries, and degree words, and a negation. Further suffixes can be added, for instance, to specify person or tense, and there are numerous smaller words in the language, too, that serve as prepositions, complementizers, and so-forth. The language has some very unique features, like the "eternal" tense used to describe unchanging things.<br />
<br />
Unlike most Shirerothian conlangs, Radarasilikan actually has a user-friendly guide to learning it (linked below). In spite of this, Scott is likely the only person who can use the language competently or even understand it at all.<br />
<br />
Here is an example of what the language looks like:<br />
*mebela daruníđ sekela omihita - ''Love is and shall be ever the foundation of the world.''<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
''See Also:''<br />
[http://subdivisions.shireroth.org/hyperborea/radarasilikan.doc| Radarasilikan: The Book of the Hyperborean Language] - Scott's guide to Radarasilikan, and the basis for most of the information in this article.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Proto-Lakhesian_language&diff=18386Proto-Lakhesian language2016-04-09T23:39:23Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox language<br />
| name= Proto-Lakhesian<br />
| nativename=<br />
| pronunciation= {{IPA|}}<br />
| states= [[Shireroth]], [[Antica]]<br />
| region= [[Lakhesis]], [[Samudra]]<br />
| speakers= None (extinct)<br />
| familycolor= yellow<br />
| fam1= Lakhesian<br />
| script=<br />
| nation= Shireroth<br />
| agency= None<br />
| mic1= plk<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Proto-Lakhesian''' is the ancestral language to Modern Lakhesian spoken in [[Amarr]] and the Nation of [[Lakhesis]] in Shireroth, as well as Samudran spoken in [[Antica]]. Most scolars agree that the language is a remnant from the people that inhabited the area before the tribes that would later make up the classes that founded Shireroth came to the area. Some believe, but most serious linguists disagree, that the Lakhesians and their langauge are a direct descendant from the people of the Khaz Modan empire.<br><br />
<br />
=Phonology=<br />
[[Image:Lakhesian_cons.png]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Lakhesian_vowels.png]]<br />
<br />
=Syllable structure=<br />
The syllable structure is CV, where C is a consonant and V vowel.<br><br />
<br />
=Stress=<br />
Lakhesian has gentle stress on the first syllable, similar to Hungarian. In loanwords, however, the stress is often inherited from the source language and indicated with an accent.<br><br />
<br />
=Transliteration=<br />
a, i, o, u, sh(=ʃ), f, h, j, k, l, ll, m, n, ng, p, s, t, w, '. The final letter, the apostrophe, represents the glottal stop. Palatalization is indicated by a trema on the following vowel, like this: "kapï".<br><br />
<br />
=Nouns=<br />
<br />
==Declension==<br />
Lakhesian nouns decline to show case, number and animacy. Nouns are divided into two noun classes; animate and inanimate. Usually things that are percieved to be alive are classed as animate, and dead things as inanimate, although this is often varied due to cultural and traditional reasons. There are no definite or indefinite articles. The basic word order is VSO, verb-subject-object, although due to the case system this order is pretty free.<br />
<br />
=Verbs=<br />
Lakhesian verbs are inflected to show aspect, evidentiality, mood and polarity (ambiguous). This class of words is rather large due to the fact that adjectives, for all intents and purposes, are treated as verbs.<br />
<br />
=Language family=<br />
[[Image:Lakhesian_langs.png]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Brookshire]]<br />
[[Category:Lakhesis]]<br />
[[Category:Culture]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Passikaans_language&diff=18385Passikaans language2016-04-09T23:39:08Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox language<br />
| name= Passikaans<br />
| nativename= ''Passikaans''<br />
| pronunciation= [{{IPA|ˈpʰæsɪkʰɑns|}}]<br />
| states= [[Shireroth]]<br />
| region= Southwestern Shireroth<br />
| speakers= 611,000<br />
| familycolor= limegreen<br />
| fam1= Shiritho-Benacian<br />
| script= Latin (Passikaans variant)<br />
| nation= Shireroth, Barony of [[Lakhesis]]<br />
| agency= Language Institute of the Highpassian Veldt<br />
| mic1= psk<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Passikaans''' is a Shirerithian [[Constructed language | conlang]] of the Shiritho-Benacian family of languages. It evolved from the earlier [[Lishkan]], and is slightly influenced by [[Lakhesian]], but only subtly. It is spoken in [[Highpass]], and also in parts of [[Thanatos]]. Local legends say that the language was formed when people attempted to imitate the sound of Veldt grass blowing in the wind. Passikaans is a harsh-sounding language.<br />
<br />
== Orthography and Sounds ==<br />
'''Vowels'''<br />
<br />
a - as in c'''a'''t. '''IPA:''' æ <br><br />
e - as in p'''e'''t. '''IPA:''' ɛ <br><br />
i - as in k'''i'''t. '''IPA:''' ɪ <br><br />
í - as in m'''ea'''t. '''IPA:''' iː <br><br />
o - as in l'''o'''t. '''IPA:''' ɒ <br><br />
ó - as in c'''augh'''t. '''IPA:''' ɔː <br><br />
y - as in Uh? '''IPA:''' əː <br><br />
ú - as in g'''oo'''se. '''IPA:''' uː <br><br />
<br />
aa - long /a/ as in f'''a'''ther <br><br />
<br />
'''Consonants'''<br />
''(Pronounced as in British English)''<br><br />
b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v, w,<br><br />
<br />
x - as in Scottish 'loch' <br><br />
z - as in '''sh'''eep <br><br />
<br />
dv - 'v' as in viola<br><br />
dt - 't' as in transport<br><br />
<br />
== Grammar ==<br />
===Sentence Structure===<br />
The grammar of Passikaans is ridiculously simple, but its simplicity can lead to ambiguity and awkward compound words. This explains the large number of awkward and ambiguous people in [[Highpass]].<br />
<br />
Sentences are usually '''Subject-Verb-Object'''. It is important that sentences maintain this order because there is no grammatical case for nouns.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
Verbs in the dictionary are shown in the ''infinitive'', such as '''kraam''' (to go).<br />
<br />
Affixes are added to the end of verbs to change the tense. This is simple, as Passikaans has only 3 tenses (unlike the 13 in English which include such beasts as ''Present Perfect Progressive'').<br />
<br />
To place a verb in the Past Tense (it has taken place), either 'ezem' or 'zem' is appended to the infinitive form of the verb. 'ezem' is added if the plain verb ends with a 'z'. So the phrases ''''I went'''', ''''I have gone'''', ''''I was going'''' could all be rendered as '''Aai kraamzem'''. <br />
<br />
To place a verb in the Present tense (it is happening now/it happens regularly/it happens conditionally), the verb remains the same as it is found in the dictionary. So ''''I go'''' and ''''I am going'''' are rendered as ''''Aai kraam''''.<br />
<br />
To place a verb in the Future tense (it will happen/it is going to happen), either 'zyk' or 'ezyk' is appended to the infinitive form of the verb. 'ezyk' is added if the plain verb ends with a 'z'. So the phrases '''I will go''', and '''I am going' to go''' are rendered as '''Aai kraamzyk'''.<br />
<br />
====Imperative====<br />
To make a verb imperative, as in "'''Run!'''", or "'''Go...'''", the prefix '''o-''' is added to the verb. If the verb starts with a vowel, the prefix '''ot-''' is added. For example, "'''Go!'''" is "'''Okraam!'''" and ''''fight!'''' is ''''ofaat!''''.<br />
<br />
===Nouns & Adjectives===<br />
====Nouns====<br />
Here are some nouns:<br><br />
<br />
'''steik''' - stick<br><br />
'''lúp''' - wolf<br><br />
'''kaasa''' - house<br><br />
'''kaans''' - language<br><br />
'''laal''' - light<br><br />
'''kep''' - rock<br><br />
'''lól''' - time<br><br />
'''vaak''' - fire<br><br />
'''mont''' - mountain<br><br />
'''dlex''' - brush<br><br />
'''nezt''' - nest<br><br />
'''amu''' - person<br><br />
'''nemba''' - number<br><br />
<br />
Pluralize a noun by appending '''-en'''. If it ends with a vowel, append '''-nen'''. 'Sticks' is '''Steiken''', while 'Houses' is '''Kaasanen'''<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Here are some adjectives:<br><br />
<br />
'''veldt''' - pertaining to the Veldt<br><br />
'''dvendv''' - transparent<br><br />
'''aak''' - making the noise 'aaak'<br><br />
'''kan''' - big<br><br />
'''kó''' - good, kind, easy, bright<br><br />
'''akó''' - bad, nasty, difficult, dull<br><br />
'''míf''' - stray<br><br />
<br />
Describe a noun by placing an adjective before it to form a compound word e.g. '''bright light''' = '''kólaal''', '''toothbrush''' = '''dendtdlex''', '''transparent toothbrushes''' = '''dvendvdendtdlexen'''.<br />
<br />
===Questions===<br />
Passikaans uses several 'question words' to indicate that a phrase is interrogative.<br />
<br />
'''vot''' - general 'what?'<br />
'''vaal''' - how?<br />
'''ven''' - when?<br />
'''vó''' - who?<br />
'''vai''' - why?<br />
<br />
To ask a yes/no question one writes a statement and adds ''',vot?''' to the end. A questioning tone of voice should be used as in English.<br />
<br />
e.g 'Do you fight' is '''Zpa faat, vot?''', or ''''You fight, what?''''<br />
<br />
To ask a question with a definite answer (not yes/no), one replaces the missing information with one of the question words.<br />
<br />
== Information ==<br />
Passikaans was created by Oze McMahon. It is apparently based on Dutch and English.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Laqi_Phrasebook&diff=18384Laqi Phrasebook2016-04-09T23:38:37Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>The first Laqi Phrasebook was compiled by [[Max edwards|Maksym Hadjimehmetov]] in 2007, and is still being added to. It is planned to have a full edition complete by late 2008, including most basic phrases and words needed for the visitor to the County of [[Modan-lach]], where [[Laqi]] is spoken by the overwhelming majority of the populace there.<br />
For guides on how to pronounce these phrases, see the [[Laqi| Laqi Alpabet]]<br />
<br />
==Greetings, Introductions and Civilities==<br />
<br />
*Please : Maarxamat (Often abbreviated to Mьxamat)<br />
*Please Sit Down : Sidiš, Mьxamat<br />
*Thankyou : Rөnarjat<br />
*Excuse Me : Isvәntje<br />
*Don’t Mention It : Hurun Jok<br />
*Correct : Daunxa<br />
*Good Morning : Sorjan Ҳoršij<br />
*Good Afternoon : Paslisorjan Ҳoršij<br />
*Good Evening : Gulug Ҳoršij<br />
*Good Night : Nox Ҳoršij<br />
*Good Day : Arli Ҳoršij<br />
*Hello (Formal) : Sajnbajna<br />
*Hello (Informal) : Veki<br />
*Goodbye : Aҳor <br />
*Good : Ҳoršu<br />
*OK, Fine : Taman<br />
*Do You Understand? : Amalәjoruz la?<br />
*I don’t understand Amalәjoram Jok<br />
*I understand Amalәjoram <br />
*No Jok<br />
*Yes Xaa<br />
*Sorry Hajaren<br />
*No problem Prablijm Jok<br />
*Please wait a while Zxoruz, Mьxamat<br />
*How are you? Nog Sajnaa la?<br />
*Not bad Parun Jok<br />
*Well Ҳoršam<br />
*Where are you going? Kөta Varuz Nog la?<br />
*What are you doing? Kөta Diliž Nog la?<br />
*Peace be with you Nogiv Selaam<br />
*See you tomorrow Paslьarli Vidam<br />
*I wish you a good trip Sajn Javaaraj<br />
*See you again later Vidam Spažarži<br />
*You’ve been a great help Nog Burөl<br />
*What’s your name? Kax Nog Teŋbe la?<br />
*My name is Baradarun Teŋbelөr Baradarun<br />
*Mr Smith- Ҳojon Smith<br />
*Mrs Smith- Ҳataxa Smith<br />
*Mr/Mrs Smith (esteemed) Jelьxin Smith<br />
*Smith younger (as said to a child) Jәrxәn Smith<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Laqi_language&diff=18383Laqi language2016-04-09T23:38:27Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox language<br />
| name= Laqi<br />
| nativename= ''Laҳi''<br />
| pronunciation= [{{IPA|ˈlæxi|}}]<br />
| states= [[Shireroth]]<br />
| region= Southern [[Brookshire]]<br />
| speakers= 4,275,100<br />
| familycolor= pink<br />
| fam1= Khaz-Modani<br />
| script= Latin (Laqi variant)<br />
| nation= Shireroth, Barony of [[K'Tzuni]]<br />
| agency= Laqi Linguistic Board<br />
| mic1= laq<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''Noxi Laҳi... sьkarlә baarli Južŋaŋu'' <br><br />
''Our Laqi... the sweet speech of the South'' <br><br />
Traditional Saying<br />
<br />
Laqi is a [[Conlang]] spoken by the overwhelming majority of citizens of the county of [[Modan-lach]] and in smaller numbers in [[Lywind]] and [[Ž]]. It is a recognised official language of the [[Barony of K'Tzuni]]. Believed to have originated from dialects spoken by Khaz-Modanians in ancient times, Laqi is designed to have a Turkic appearance in its vocabulary, its alphabet designed greatly on those used by the Soviets in the 1920s for languages such as Tuvinian and Azeri. The first work on Laqi was started under the reign of [[Kaiser Mors V]]. A [[Laqi Phrasebook]] and basic grammar are currently being compiled.<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution===<br />
[[Image:Ktzunispeech.png]]<br />
Map showing linguistic distribution of Laqi and its neighbouring languages in the Barony of K'Tzuni <br><br />
<br />
As the map above shows, the geographical distribution of the Laqi Language is a wide one.<br />
The Lingua Franca of K'Tzuni, Laqi is a major Shirereithan [[Conlang]] and is used extensively by local government in K'Tzuni. Its influence leads to its common usage in the borderlands with other Baronies such as [[Dolor]], and also in small emigré communities of Laqis in major Shirereithan cities such as [[Shirekeep]].<br />
<br />
===Official Status===<br />
===Dialects===<br />
Numerous dialects of the Laqi language exist- though the accepted norm, standardised Laqi, is understood throughout the Laqi-speaking provinces and is generally the written form, an insular variation with many now outmoded and archaic aspects of vocabulary and syntax (such as colloquial use of the plural and retaining of imported words before the Laqi Language Purification by Laqi Linguistic Board) being spoken on the small island County of [[Ž]]. [[Lywind]] also has a distinct Laqi dialect- with numerous words of Lywind English. The ''purest'' Laqi dialect is known as ''High-Laqi'', spoken in Upper Lach, in the County of [[Modan-lach]]. It is this Laqi upon which the modern standardisation is based, and that which is taught in Laqi language schools and used for the great majority of publishing in the [[K'Tzuni]] region. <br />
Laqi spoken in [[Modan-lach]]'s coastal area is known as ''Low-Laqi'', and has many more imported words due to earlier contact with foreign tradesmen in the Khaz Gulf. The influx of native [[Shirithan English]] speakers to [[K'Tzuni]]'s capital, Brookshire Hamlet, during the time of the foundation of the [[Kehl]] (K'Tzuni's Baronial Legislative Body) also led to a noticable increase in colloquial Shirithan English words in Laqi circulating amongst Laqi speakers in the city.<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
<br />
===Grammar===<br />
<br />
Laqi syntax and grammar has been heavily influenced by the calques of numerous Indo-European languages, sharing similarities in conjugation, case utilisation, and personal pronouns with both the Slavic and Germanic branches of that language family.<br />
However, unusually for a language of Indo-European influence, Laqi is Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV word order can be used depending on dialect and context.<br />
The usage of personal pronouns and conjugation is also comparable to the Altaic family tree, however, with the Turkic system of suffix addition being employed widely across the Laqi language to conjugate verbs. <br />
Unusually, as well as a singular and plural form of nouns, Laqi also maintains a dual form- found also in Slovenian- which is widely used. Colloquially, the plural form is often not used, instead repeating the noun twice, hyphenated, as in Indonesian and Malay.<br />
<br />
=====Cases=====<br />
Laqi has five cases. Case endings are applied to the last ending of a noun or adjective. <br />
These cases are the Nominative ''(subject)'', Accusative ''(direct object)'', Genitive ''(possessive)'', Dative''(indirect object)'', and Instrumental ''(comitative)''. <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|+Declension of Laqi nouns<br />
!Case<br />
!Possible forms<br />
!Gema "''ship''"||Ҳavьa "''air''"||Uram "''bucket''"||Sәdiz "''carrot''"||Gobьv "''head''"||Zel "''salt''"<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
| —||—||Gema||Ҳavьa||Uram||Sәdiz||Gobьv||Zel<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
| -N,M,T||-nu, -nө, -nә, -mә, -mө, -ta, -tun||Gema'''nu'''||Ҳavьa'''nө'''||Uram'''(ь)mә'''||Sәdiz'''mө'''||Gobьv'''ta'''||Zel'''tun'''<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
| -Ŋ,T||-ŋaŋ, -ŋarŋar, -ŋaŋaŋ, -ŋaŋu, -tog, -tet||Gema'''nu'''||Ҳavьa'''ŋarŋar'''||Uram'''ŋaŋaŋ'''||Sәdiz'''ŋaŋu'''||Gobьv'''tog'''||Zel'''tet'''<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
| -Š||-šu, -šet, -šeš, -šem, -šar, šor||Gema'''šu'''||Ҳavьa'''šet'''||Uram'''šeš'''||Sәdiz'''šem'''||Gobьv'''šar'''||Zel'''šor'''<br />
|-<br />
!Inst<br />
| -B,Ž||-bo, -bet, -ben, -vet, -žen, -žaz<br />
||Gema'''bo'''||Ҳavьa'''bet'''||Uram'''ben'''||Sәdiz'''vet'''||Gobьv'''žen'''||Zel'''žaz'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=====Pronouns=====<br />
Laqi has eight personal pronouns:<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|+Personal pronouns<br />
!colspan="2"|Singular<br />
!colspan="2"|Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Laqi||English||Laqi||English<br />
|-<br />
|Nog||I||Mus||We<br />
|-<br />
|Tat||You ''(singular informal)''||Ta||You ''(plural informal)''<br />
|-<br />
|Tet||You ''(singular formal)''||Te||You ''(plural formal)''<br />
|-<br />
|Əl/Ələ,Əlo ||He/She/It||Əlar||They<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Writing System===<br />
<br />
The Laqi alphabet is generally phoenetic, though there are regional variations in Upper Lach (see [[Modan-lach]]) and stress changes according to gender endings of adjectives and nouns. Unlike some of the Turkic languages which it is based on, there is no vowel harmony.<br />
The alphabet consists of thirty letters, seven of which are vowels.<br />
<br />
<br />
*A- ‘a’ as in apple<br />
*B- hard ‘b’ as in bet<br />
*C- ‘ts’ or ‘tz’ as in kibbutz<br />
*D-‘d’ as in ‘dot’<br />
*E- acute ‘e’ as in French soufflé<br />
*G- hard ‘g’ as in great<br />
*I- ‘ee’ as in need<br />
*J- ‘y’ as in year<br />
*K- ‘k’ as in kill<br />
*L- ‘l’ as in lemon<br />
*Ł- as in the Polish- soft English ‘w’ as in where<br />
*M- ‘m’ as in meat<br />
*N- ‘n’ as in nearly<br />
*Ŋ- ‘ny’ as in Chechnya<br />
*O- short ‘o’ as in lot<br />
*Ө- ‘oe’ as in German ö<br />
*P- ‘p’ as in party<br />
*R- ‘r’ as in really<br />
*S- ‘s’ as in simple<br />
*Š- ‘sh’ as in sharp<br />
*T- ‘t’ as in toast<br />
*U- ‘oo’ as in good <br />
*Ə- short ‘u’ as in tug<br />
*V- German ‘v’ (i.e soft ‘v’)<br />
*X- ‘ch’ as in cheese<br />
*Ҳ- ‘kh’ as in loch<br />
*Ь- clips preceeding vowel or consonant short<br />
*Z- ‘z’ as in zebra<br />
*Ž- soft ‘zh’ or the ‘su’ in leisure<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]][[Category: K'Tzuni]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Languagealt&diff=18382Template:Languagealt2016-04-09T23:38:11Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| align="right" style="width: 300px; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1.4em; clear: right; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" border=1<br />
! colspan="2" style="font-size:110%; color: {{{fontcolor}}}; background-color: {{{familycolor}}};"|{{{name}}} ({{{nativename}}})<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;" | Pronunciation:<br />
| {{{pronunciation}}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;" | Spoken in:<br />
| {{{nations}}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;" | Region:<br />
| {{{region}}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;" | Total speakers:<br />
| {{{speakers}}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;" | Language family:<br />
| style="text-align: left;" | {{{family}}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;" | Writing system:<br />
| style="text-align: left;" | {{{alphabet}}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="color: {{{fontcolor}}}; background-color: {{{familycolor}}};" | Official status<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;" | Official language in:<br />
| {{{nation}}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;" | Regulated by:<br />
| {{{agency}}}<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_language&diff=18381Template:Infobox language2016-04-09T23:37:58Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{|class="infobox" style="width:22em; margin-top:0.75em; background:#f4f4f4; text-align:left; font-size:90%; float:right; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding="2";<br />
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-size:120%; background-color: {{{familycolor}}}" | {{{name}}}<br /> {{{nativename}}}<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Pronunciation:<br />
| {{{pronunciation}}}<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Spoken in:<br />
| {{{states}}}<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Region:<br />
| {{{region}}}<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Total speakers:<br />
| {{{speakers}}}<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Langauge family:<br /><br />
| {{{fam1}}}<br /><br />
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0;"><li>{{{fam2|}}}<br />
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0;"><li>{{{fam3|}}}<br />
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0;"><li>{{{name}}}<br />
</li></ul><br />
</li></ul><br />
</li></ul><br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Writing system:<br />
| {{{script}}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{familycolor}}}" | Offical status<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Offical language in:<br />
| {{{nation}}}<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | Regulated by:<br />
| {{{agency}}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; background-color: {{{familycolor}}}" | Langauge codes<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" | MIC 639-1:<br />
| {{{mic1}}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
[[Category:Language templates]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Languages&diff=18380Category:Languages2016-04-09T23:37:26Z<p>Shyriath: Created page with "This is a list of all of the conlangs with articles on Shirewiki. They are relevant to various cultural and fictional facets of the nation."</p>
<hr />
<div>This is a list of all of the [[conlang]]s with articles on Shirewiki. They are relevant to various cultural and fictional facets of the nation.</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Horjinic_language&diff=18379Horjinic language2016-04-09T23:36:03Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox language<br />
| name= Horjinic<br />
| nativename= ''Horjingonak''<br />
| pronunciation= [{{IPA|ˌhɔrdʒinˈgonɑk|}}]<br />
| states= [[Shireroth]]<br />
| region= [[Isle of Naudia'Diva]]<br />
| speakers= Unknown<br />
| familycolor= tomato<br />
| fam1= Horjinic<br />
| script= Horjinic syllabary<br />
| nation= County of Naudia'Diva<br />
| agency= [[Hunters of the Stag]]<br />
| mic1= hrj<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The Hunters of the Stag speak a noun-based modular language. That is to say, in order to make a new word, you build new words by mashing together other words. In addition, there are no verbs in the Horjinic language; instead, you take a noun and add a verb ending, thereby making the necessary verb.<br />
<br />
For instance, the word for water is "''viet''" ( {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}} ). Therefore, to drink water would be said or written as "''vietatvile''" ( {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|le}} ) -- "''viet''" for water, and the present-tense verb ending "''atvile''". If it were to have drunk water (past tense), the word would instead be "''vietatvigi''" ( {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|gi}} ); conversely, if it were to drink water (future tense), the word would be "''vietatvisa''" ( {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|sa}} ).<br />
<br />
=== Runes ===<br />
<TABLE border=1><br />
<TR> <br />
<TH>Rune</TH><br />
<th>Anglicized<Br>Writing</th><br />
<th>Pronunciation</th> <br />
<TH>Old<br>Meaning</th><br />
<th>Modern<br>Meaning</th><br />
<th>Character<br>Origin</th><br />
</TR> <br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
<td>A</td><br />
<td>-Ah</td><br />
<TD>Female</TD> <br />
<td>Female</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|at}}</td><br />
<td>At</td><br />
<td>Att</td><br />
<td>Peace</td><br />
<td>Water</td><br />
<td>Shaking Hands</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|au}}</td><br />
<td>Au</td><br />
<td>Aouw</td><br />
<td>Shield</td><br />
<td>Shield</td><br />
<td>Shield</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}</td><br />
<td>Ax</td><br />
<td>Acks</td><br />
<td>Life</td><br />
<td>Life</td><br />
<td> </td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|di}}</td><br />
<td>Di</td><br />
<td>Dee</td><br />
<td>Death</td><br />
<td>Death</td><br />
<td> </td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|el}}</td><br />
<td>El</td><br />
<td>Ell</td><br />
<td>Victory</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|er}}</td><br />
<td>Er</td><br />
<td>Err</td><br />
<td>Resilience</td><br />
<td>Earth</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|es}}</td><br />
<td>Es</td><br />
<td>Ess</td><br />
<td>Wind</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|et}}</td><br />
<td>Et</td><br />
<td>Ehtt</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
<td>Fire</td><br />
<td>Sword</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|fa}}</td><br />
<td>Fa</td><br />
<td>Fah</td><br />
<td>Crops</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Scythe</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ga}}</td><br />
<td>Ga</td><br />
<td>Gah</td><br />
<td>Not</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|gi}}</td><br />
<td>Gi</td><br />
<td>Ghee</td><br />
<td>Strength</td><br />
<td>Air</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|go}}</td><br />
<td>Go</td><br />
<td>Goh</td><br />
<td>Fire</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|hor}}</td><br />
<td>Hor</td><br />
<td>Hoar</td><br />
<td>Cat</td><br />
<td>Animal</td><br />
<td>Eye</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ig}}</td><br />
<td>Ig</td><br />
<td>Igg</td><br />
<td>Stealth</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|jin}}</td><br />
<td>Jin</td><br />
<td>Jean</td><br />
<td>God</td><br />
<td>God</td><br />
<td>Eye</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|k}}</td><br />
<td>K</td><br />
<td>-Chk</td><br />
<td>Plural</td><br />
<td>Plural</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|le}}</td><br />
<td>Le</td><br />
<td>Lay</td><br />
<td>Spear</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Trident</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|n}}</td><br />
<td>N</td><br />
<td>-N-</td><br />
<td>Spirit</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|pe}}</td><br />
<td>Pe</td><br />
<td>Pay</td><br />
<td>Plant</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Tree</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ra}}</td><br />
<td>Ra</td><br />
<td>Rah</td><br />
<td>Sky</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|re}}</td><br />
<td>Re</td><br />
<td>Ray</td><br />
<td>Light</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Sun</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ri}}</td><br />
<td>Ri</td><br />
<td>Riee</td><br />
<td>Water</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>River</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ru}}</td><br />
<td>Ru</td><br />
<td>Rooh</td><br />
<td>Earth</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Mountains</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|sa}}</td><br />
<td>Sa</td><br />
<td>Saw</td><br />
<td>Sun</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Sun</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|se}}</td><br />
<td>Se</td><br />
<td>Say</td><br />
<td>Lightning</td><br />
<td>Spear</td><br />
<td>Lightning</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|si}}</td><br />
<td>Si</td><br />
<td>Siee</td><br />
<td>Dark</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ta}}</td><br />
<td>Ta</td><br />
<td>Tah</td><br />
<td>Sound</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|te}}</td><br />
<td>Te</td><br />
<td>Tay</td><br />
<td>Body</td><br />
<td>Man</td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|to}}</td><br />
<td>To</td><br />
<td>Tooh</td><br />
<td>Moon</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td>Moon</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|us}}</td><br />
<td>Us</td><br />
<td>Oose</td><br />
<td>Bow</td><br />
<td>Bow</td><br />
<td>Bow</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|ve}}</td><br />
<td>Ve</td><br />
<td>Vay</td><br />
<td>Less</td><br />
<td></td><br />
<td></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>{{Rune|vi}}</td><br />
<td>Vi</td><br />
<td>Viee</td><br />
<td>House</td><br />
<td>House</td><br />
<td>Town</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Limited Dictionary ===<br />
This is a basic dictionary with commonly accepted words among the Hunters of the Stag.<br />
<br />
<TABLE border=1><br />
<TR> <br />
<TH>English Word</TH><br />
<th>Anglicized Horjinic</th> <br />
<TH>Horjinic Runes</th><br />
</TR><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Air</TD><br />
<td>''Raga''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|ga}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>All</td><br />
<td>''Veto''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|to}}</td><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Angel</TD><br />
<td>''Totajinraleviataxten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Animal</TD><br />
<td>''Petara''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ra}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Arm</TD><br />
<td>''Axdiru''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|ru}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Back</TD><br />
<td>''Axdiel''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|el}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Big</TD><br />
<td>''Veus''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|us}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Bird</TD><br />
<td>''Viatax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Body</TD><br />
<td>''Axdi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Brother</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpeten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Cat</TD><br />
<td>''Risi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|si}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Chimaera</TD><br />
<td>''Petaranauvinraautaax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|vin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Death</TD><br />
<td>''Taax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Demon</TD><br />
<td>''Raautaax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Destruction</TD><br />
<td>''Taaxri''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|ri}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Divine</TD><br />
<td>''Totajinrale''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Dragon</TD><br />
<td>''Veusrengoteigeldi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|us}}{{Rune|ren}}{{Rune|go}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Earth</TD><br />
<td>''Fael''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Father</TD><br />
<td>''Fateelten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Fertility</TD><br />
<td>''Fateel''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Fire</TD><br />
<td>''Rengo''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ren}}{{Rune|go}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Foot</TD><br />
<td>''Axditesa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Gem</td><br />
<td>''Pelefael''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Gift</TD><br />
<td>''Jinrale''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>God</TD><br />
<td>''Tota''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Good</TD><br />
<td>''Pele''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|le}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Griffin</TD><br />
<td>''Rungarisiviatax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|run}}{{Rune|ga}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|si}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Hair</TD><br />
<td>''Axdivisa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Head</td><br />
<td>''Axdivi''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Horn</td><br />
<td>''Axdivijin''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|jin}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Horse</TD><br />
<td>''Sitadi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|si}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Hunt</td><br />
<td>''Regigo''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|re}}{{Rune|gi}}{{Rune|go}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Insect</TD><br />
<td>''Igfanpe''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|fan}}{{Rune|pe}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Island</TD><br />
<td>''Divea''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>[[Jackalope]]</td><br />
<td>''Axdivijink Igesto''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|k}} {{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|es}}{{Rune|to}}<br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>[[Kaiser]]</TD><br />
<td>''Totajinrale Horgorisa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}} {{Rune|hor}}{{Rune|go}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Leader</TD><br />
<td>''Horgorisa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|hor}}{{Rune|go}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Leg</TD><br />
<td>''Axdite''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|te}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Life</TD><br />
<td>''Fate''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Lion</TD><br />
<td>''Rungarisi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|run}}{{Rune|ga}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|si}}</TD><br />
</tr> <br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Little</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpe''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TD>Lizard</TD><br />
<td>''Teigeldi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Mage</td><br />
<td>''Ditanraau''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|tan}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|au}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Man</TD><br />
<td>''Ten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Many</TD><br />
<td>''Vega''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|ga}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Mark<br>Rune</td><br />
<td>''Gon''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|gon}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Mixture</TD><br />
<td>''Nauvin''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|vin}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Moon</TD><br />
<td>''Aurafateeltena''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Mother</TD><br />
<td>''Fateeltena''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Music</TD><br />
<td>''Peletovita''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|ta}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>One Who Uses<br>One Who Does</TD><br />
<td>''Raau''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|au}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Pain</TD><br />
<td>''Tovetaax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Pegasus</TD><br />
<td>''Viatax Sitadi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}} {{Rune|si}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|di}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Phoenix</TD><br />
<td>''Rengo Viatax''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ren}}{{Rune|go}} {{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|ax}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Plains</TD><br />
<td>''Runga''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|run}}{{Rune|ga}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Planet</TD><br />
<td>''Veus Fael''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ve}}{{Rune|us}} {{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Plant</td><br />
<td>''Faeljinrale''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Rabbit</td><br />
<td>''Igesto''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ig}}{{Rune|es}}{{Rune|to}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>[[Shireroth]]</TD><br />
<td>''Fael Totajinrale Horgorisa''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|el}} {{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}} {{Rune|hor}}{{Rune|go}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|sa}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Sister</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpetena''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Sky</TD><br />
<td>''Aura''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ra}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Sound</TD><br />
<td>''Tovita''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|ta}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Spirit</td><br />
<td>''Ditan''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|tan}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Squid</TD><br />
<td>''Axdiruvietpetara''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|ru}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|ra}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<TD>Star</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpe Aurafateelten''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}} {{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|fa}}{{Rune|te}}{{Rune|el}}{{Rune|ten}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Tiger</TD><br />
<td>''Totajinralerisi''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|ri}}{{Rune|si}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Totem</td><br />
<td>''Ditanten''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|tan}}{{Rune|ten}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Unicorn</td><br />
<td>''Axdivijin Sitadi''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|ax}}{{Rune|di}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|jin}} {{Rune|si}}{{Rune|ta}}{{Rune|di}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Very</td><br />
<td>''Vius''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|us}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Water</TD><br />
<td>''Viet''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|et}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Without</td><br />
<td>''Tove''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ve}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Wolf</TD><br />
<td>''Lenpenelig''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|len}}{{Rune|pe}}{{Rune|nel}}{{Rune|ig}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<TR> <br />
<TD>Woman</TD><br />
<td>''Tena''</td><br />
<TD>{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|a}}</TD><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Red</td><br />
<td>''Nauet''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|et}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Orange</td><br />
<td>''Naugo''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|go}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Yellow</td><br />
<td>''Nausa''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|sa}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Green</td><br />
<td>''Naupe''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|pe}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Blue</td><br />
<td>''Nauri''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|ri}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Indigo</td><br />
<td>''Naudi''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|di}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Violet</td><br />
<td>''Nauto''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|to}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Black</td><br />
<td>''Nausi''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|si}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>White</td><br />
<td>''Naure''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|re}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Gray</td><br />
<td>''Naues''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|es}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Brown</td><br />
<td>''Nauru''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|ru}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Rainbow</td><br />
<td>''Naujin''</td><br />
<td>{{Rune|nau}}{{Rune|jin}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
=== Special Instances ===<br />
#Though it is given its own character, the "-n-" rune is most frequently attached to the closest vowel. Only in very select instances is it not. In cases where there are two vowels that it could attach to, it attaches left.<br />
#Vowel sounds that are next to each other are pronounced as one letter. Therefore, ''raau'' (one who does), is pronounced "rauw"; similarly, ''taax'' (death) is simply "tax".<br />
#The ending ''-atvila'' is given to any present-tense verb, ''-atvigi'' to any past tense, and ''-atvisa'' to any future tense.<br />
#The "-a" character ( {{Rune|a}} ) is only used on the end of compounds. It is not used at all on verbed words. For instance, a female bird is a ''viataxa''. But the word to fly, whether applied to a male or female, is always ''viataxatvila'' for present tense, ''viataxatvigi'' for past tense, and ''viataxatvisa'' for future tense.<br />
#In most instances, the "hor" sound starts a word. In all instances, "k" ends a word.<br />
#Words are written with breaks at hard sound points. For instance, ''veusrengoteigeldi'' is pronounced and written as one word, while ''viatax sitadi'' is written as two.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Examples of Translated Runes ==<br />
<br />
'''Aurajinrale''' ( {{Rune|au}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|jin}}{{Rune|ra}}{{Rune|le}} ) translates literally to "Sky-Gift". It is used to refer to those with [[oracular ability]].<br />
<br />
'''Ditantove''' ( {{Rune|di}}{{Rune|tan}}{{Rune|to}}{{Rune|ve}} ) translates literally to "Spiritless" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]].<br />
<br />
The ''Ditantove'' themselves are frightening beasts, created by the [[Empire of Khaz Modan]] to hunt down and destroy rogue mages. The first ''Ditantove'' on the [[Isle of Naudia'Diva]] was sent there to destroy [[Sagittarius]]. It was defeated, and began creating copies of itself. Unfortunately, these copies were inferior and did not have pure intelligence. Rather, they had intelligence with deep primal destructive instincts laced through.<br />
<br />
The ''Ditantove'' also can shapeshift, repair themselves with proper equipment, and change their physical forms basically at will.<br />
<br />
[[image:Fanlesiten.png|right|thumb|200px|A ''Fanlesiten'']]<br />
<br />
The '''fanlesiten''' (plural ''Fanlesitenk''; "mushroom man"; {{Rune|fan}}{{Rune|le}}{{Rune|si}}{{Rune|ten}}{{Rune|k}} ) is a small cousin to [[dryad]]s and other [[faerie]]s. They are the spirits of mushrooms. Standing between a half inch and two inches tall, they look similar to most mushrooms. What sets them apart is the small face on the stalk of the mushroom and the root-like bulbous feet on the base of the stalk.<br />
<br />
They consume salt in any form and emit a nutrient-rich dirt-like substance. [[Hunters of the Stag|Hunters]] use this substance as a fertilizer and sometimes have a family of ''fanlesitenk'' live in their gardens.<br />
<br />
''Fanlesitenk'' are intelligent enough to recognize patterns and use basic logic. They love to sing, especially in imitation, but they have trouble making out specific words and staying on key. They are trainable, however, and after hearing a song three or four times they will never forget it.<br />
<br />
''Fanlesitenk'' have a simple form of communication, consisting mostly of warbles and whistles.<br />
<br />
[[image:scan0031.jpg|thumb|right|Leviatan, depicted by the Hunters of the Stag]]<br />
<br />
'''Leviatan''' (or {{Rune|le}}{{Rune|vi}}{{Rune|at}}{{Rune|aun}} in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]]) is the [[Brookshire|Brookshiran]] [[Divine Census of Cedrism|god of the sea-beasts]]. He (or she; no one has bothered to check, but "he" is the commonly accepted concept of Leviatan) is a gigantic angler-fish and is whispered about in both the tales of the fishermen of [[Benacia]] and the [[Hunters of the Stag]]. Supposedly, he lives in the [[Cosimo Sea]], but this has not been proven.<br />
<br />
It has been rumored that Leviatan uses his angler to lure fishermen away from shore during storms and fog, blinking it on and off in much the same way as a lighthouse. As such, the Hunters of the Stag do not trust lighthouses, and the Benacian fishermen have learned tricks on how to thwart being captured by the "phantom lighthouse."<br />
<br />
For a short while, during the reign of [[Kaiser Raynor II]], when the [[Great Catapult]] had been built and strung with the flesh of [[Kalhamoraes]], the Benacians and the Hunters of the Stag rejoiced for a few short months, believing that Leviatan had been slain. However, with the disappearance of several more adventurous Benacian and Horjinic seacraft, they quickly realized that Leviatan and Kalhamoraes were ''not'' the same entity.<br />
<br />
The Hunters believe that Leviatan [[Transcendence and the Path of Transcendence|transcended]] simply from the amount of belief that the local inhabitants had in him.<br />
<br />
Certain groups of both the Benacians and the Hunters don't so much worship him as fear his awesome power, though there are Hunters who have been known to call upon his spirit for great deeds. [[Notable Hunters#Viataxa|One Hunter]] has even had him as a [[totem]].<br />
<br />
'''Risia''' ( [[Image:Rune-ri.PNG]][[Image:Rune-si.PNG]][[Image:Rune-a.PNG]] ) is unfortunately named, as it literally means "Female Cat" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]]. Naming someone this is akin to naming them "Kitty."<br />
<br />
'''Taaxa''' [[Image:Rune-ta.PNG]][[Image:Rune-ax.PNG]][[Image:Rune-a.PNG]] translates literally to "Female Death" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]]<br />
<br />
'''Peletovitaraaua''' translates literally to "Good Sound Maker Woman", but is more appropriately translated as "Female Musician" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]].<br />
<br />
'''Veusditan''' ( [[Image:Rune-ve.PNG]][[Image:Rune-us.PNG]][[Image:Rune-di.PNG]][[Image:Rune-ta.PNG]][[Image:Rune-n.PNG]] ) translates literally to "Big Spirit" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]].<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Veusfaax''' ( [[image:Rune-ve.PNG]][[image:Rune-us.PNG]][[image:Rune-fa.PNG]][[image:Rune-ax.PNG]] ) translates most closely to "Big Fall" in [[Hunters of the Stag#Language|Horjinic]], though it is usually used to refer to the gigantic waterfall, known as [[The Spire]] on the [[Isle of Naudia'Diva]].<br />
<br />
[[category:Shireroth]]<br />
[[category:Hunters of the Stag]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Gryphon_Avocatio/Sxir%C3%B3%C3%BEes&diff=18378Gryphon Avocatio/Sxiróþes2016-04-09T23:35:21Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{language<br />
|name=Shirerothian ConLang<br />
|nativename= ''Præta Sxiróþes''<br />
|familycolor=purple<br />
|nations=[[Shireroth]]<br />
|region= National<br />
|speakers=0<br />
|family= Shirerothian Languages<br />
|nation=[[Shireroth]]<br />
|agency= [[Gryphon Avocatio]] }}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Rosflag_200.png|right|frame|The Only Flag of Shireroth]]<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
<br />
This page is a bit of a public scratch pad for the proposed Shirerothian Language. '''Sxiróþes''' is the genitive form of the word for [[Shireroth]] in the language, and in this case is short for '''Præta Sxiróþes''', meaning, roughly, ''Shireroth's Speech''.<br />
<br />
For the discussion, see [http://shireroth.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=195&t=12536&start=0 this thread] and others forthcoming in the University.<br />
<br />
== Alphabet ==<br />
<br />
The proposed alphabet for the language is as follows:<br />
<br />
Aa Bb Cc Çç Dd Ðð Ee Ff Gg Hh Ƕƕ Ii Jj Ll Mm Nn Oo Óó Pp Rr Ss Tt Þþ Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
<br />
=== Nominal Morphology ===<br />
<br />
Nouns in Shirerothian decline for number and case, based on gender. There are two numbers, singular and plural; two genders, "masculine" and "feminine"; and four cases. <br />
<br />
==== Masculine Nouns ====<br />
<br />
Masculine nouns end in consonants. In the fictional history of this language, there were distinguishing vowels at the ends of masculine nouns, but they were subsequently lost and now only the feminine forms have vowels word-finally.<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"<br />
<br />
| <br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
|<br />
| -e<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| -a<br />
| -e<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| -es<br />
| -ese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| -i<br />
| -im<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Feminine Nouns ====<br />
<br />
Feminine Nouns are those generally ending in either the letters 'a' or 'o', although other nouns and pronouns ending in vowels uses the following suffixes to display case as well. Some irregular nouns, like ''jor'', "yesterday", take feminine suffixes, despite their ending in consonants<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"<br />
<br />
| <br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural <br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
|<br />
| -ne<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| -n<br />
| -ne<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| -nes<br />
| -nese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| -ni<br />
| -nim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
The following is a simplified vowel chart. All of the sounds here match their orthographic equivalent except for [ø], which is written 'ó' in the alphabet. The segments in () are not phonemes, but the result of vowel harmony.<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"<br />
|<br />
! [-back]<br />
! [+back]<br />
|-<br />
! [+high][-low]<br />
| i (y)<br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! [-high][-low]<br />
| e (ø)<br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! [-high][+low]<br />
| æ<br />
| ɑ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The vowel harmony rule for the language is very straightforward. [-low, -back] vowels (that is, o and u) become [+front] when the next vowel in the word is [-low, +front] (i.e. i and e). This is represented in the orthography by the changes from o&rarr;ó and u&rarr;y. For instance<br />
<br />
* læjo "road" &rarr; læjóne "roads"<br />
<br />
== Pronouns ==<br />
<br />
=== Personal Pronouns ===<br />
<br />
The personal pronouns essentially follow the same declension rules of the normal nouns. The feminine 3rd person forms also have shorter versions typically used in speech and less formal contexts. The longer versions are to be found in higher prose and poetry. Likewise, the language differentiates between feminine and masculine in the first person in formal contexts, but both genders can uses the masculine forms. <br />
<br />
There is also a third person non-gender-specific pronoun (3N) to be used in situations where gender is unclear (in singular) or in conditions where there are groups of people that are not all of the same gender (plural). Its form is currently subject to change, depending on the adoption of a separate Neuter Gender.<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"<br />
| ''Singular''<br />
! 1(M)<br />
! 1F<br />
! 2<br />
! 3M<br />
! 3F<br />
! 3N<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| æj<br />
| æjo<br />
| þu<br />
| el<br />
| elo<br />
| e<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| æja<br />
| æjon<br />
| þuna<br />
| ela<br />
| elona / elna<br />
| en<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| æjes<br />
| æjónes<br />
| þynes<br />
| eles<br />
| elónes / elnes<br />
| enes<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| æji<br />
| æjóni<br />
| þyni<br />
| eli<br />
| elóni / elni<br />
| eni<br />
|-<br />
| ''Plural''<br />
! 1(M)<br />
! 1F<br />
! 2<br />
! 3M<br />
! 3F<br />
! 3N<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| æje<br />
| æjóne<br />
| þyne<br />
| ele<br />
| elóne / elne<br />
| ene<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| æje<br />
| æjóne<br />
| þyne<br />
| ele<br />
| elóne / elne<br />
| ene<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| æjese<br />
| æjónese<br />
| þynese<br />
| elese<br />
| elónese / elnese<br />
| enese / ese<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| æjim<br />
| æjónim<br />
| þynim<br />
| elim<br />
| elónim / elnim<br />
| enim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Possessive Pronouns ===<br />
<br />
Shirerothian does not indicate possession as it does in English. In English, ''-'s'' clitic is typically attached to the end of a noun phrase to indicate that the noun phrase to which it attaches possesses the following noun:<br />
<br />
* [John]'s house<br />
* [The man]'s house<br />
* [The guy I saw you with]'s house<br />
<br />
Shirerothian can do this to some extent, which is what the genitive form of nouns can do:<br />
<br />
* se ræd Eriçes (= Erik's house)<br />
* se ræd æjese (= our house)<br />
<br />
The language <s>has</s> will also have possessive pronouns that looks something like the following English equivalents. They are syntactically equivalent to ''-'s'' above, but are separate words:<br />
<br />
* [the man] his house (=the man's house)<br />
* [the woman] her daughter (=the woman's daughter)<br />
* [that guy I thought I saw you with] his cat (=that guy I thought I saw you with's cat)<br />
<br />
It can also indicate possession through the use of the preposition ''að'':<br />
<br />
* se ræd að Scoti (=the house of Scott's)<br />
<br />
=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===<br />
<br />
To come!<br />
<br />
[[Category: Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Elw_language&diff=18377Elw language2016-04-09T23:34:59Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{language<br />
|name=Elw<br />
|nativename= ''kyll Ellion''<br />
|familycolor=brown<br />
|nations=[[Shireroth]]<br />
|region= [[Elwynn]]<br />
|speakers=unknown<br />
|family= Unclassified<br />
|nation= dialect<br />
|agency= [[People's Academy of Elwynn]]}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Blah, blah, language of Elwynn<br />
<br />
<br />
== Orthography and Phonology ==<br />
<br />
UNDER REVISION<br />
<br />
While Elw has a calligraphic script, Elw is generally written with the Latin or Cyrillic script. The calligraphic script is used in art and for decoration, but in every-day language, either Latin or Cyrillic is employed.<br />
<br />
The modern alphabet in Latin and Cyrillic is:<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! Latin Upper Case<br />
| A<br />
| AA<br />
| B<br />
| D<br />
| E<br />
| F<br />
| G<br />
| H<br />
| I<br />
| J<br />
| K<br />
| L<br />
| LL<br />
| M<br />
| N<br />
| O<br />
| OO<br />
| P<br />
| Q<br />
| R<br />
| S<br />
| T<br />
| U<br />
| UU<br />
| V<br />
| X<br />
| Y<br />
| Z<br />
|-<br />
! Latin lower case<br />
| a<br />
| aa<br />
| b<br />
| d<br />
| e<br />
| f<br />
| g<br />
| h<br />
| i<br />
| j<br />
| k<br />
| l<br />
| ll<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| o<br />
| oo<br />
| p<br />
| q<br />
| r<br />
| s<br />
| t<br />
| u<br />
| uu<br />
| v<br />
| x<br />
| y<br />
| z<br />
|-<br />
! Cyrillic upper case<br />
| А<br />
| АА<br />
| Б<br />
| Д<br />
| Э<br />
| Ф<br />
| Г<br />
| Х<br />
| И<br />
| Й<br />
| К<br />
| Л<br />
| Љ<br />
| М<br />
| Н<br />
| О<br />
| ОО<br />
| П<br />
| Ћ<br />
| Р<br />
| С<br />
| Т<br />
| У<br />
| УУ<br />
| В<br />
| Ш<br />
| Ө<br />
| З<br />
|-<br />
! Cyrillic lower case<br />
| а<br />
| аа<br />
| б<br />
| д<br />
| э<br />
| ф<br />
| г<br />
| х<br />
| и<br />
| й<br />
| к<br />
| л<br />
| љ<br />
| м<br />
| н<br />
| о<br />
| оо<br />
| р<br />
| ћ<br />
| р<br />
| с<br />
| т<br />
| у<br />
| уу<br />
| в<br />
| ш<br />
| ө<br />
| з<br />
|-<br />
! General pronunciation (IPA)<br />
| [a]~[ɐ]<br />
| [aː]~[ɑː]<br />
| [b]<br />
| [d]<br />
| [e]~[eː]<br />
| [f]<br />
| [g]<br />
| [h]<br />
| [i(ː)]~[ɪ]<br />
| [j]<br />
| [k]<br />
| [l]<br />
| [lʷ]~[w]<br />
| [m]<br />
| [n]<br />
| [ɔ] [o]<br />
| [ɔː]~[oː]<br />
| [p]<br />
| [c]~[ɕ]~[χ]<br />
| [r]~[r]~[ʀ]<br />
| [s]<br />
| [t]<br />
| [ʊ]~[u]<br />
| [ʊː]~[uː]<br />
| [v]~[β]~[w]<br />
| [ʂ]~[ʃ]<br />
| [ɜ]~[ə]<br />
| [z]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Elw orthography has been reformed a few times since becoming a literary language when sounds change over time.<br />
<br />
The most common obsolete letters are these (which can still sometimes be seen in names and signs):<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! Obsolete Latin<br />
| Ā ā, Â â<br />
| Ē ē, Ê ê<br />
| Ī ī, Î î, Í í<br />
| Ō ō, Ô ô<br />
| Ū ū, Û û<br />
| Ŷ ŷ, Ý ý <br />
| C c<br />
| NG ng<br />
| PH ph<br />
| TH th<br />
|-<br />
! Equivalent Cyrillic<br />
| АА аа<br />
| Е е<br />
| І і<br />
| ОО оо<br />
| Уу Уу<br />
| Ү ү<br />
| Ч ч<br />
| Ң ң<br />
| Ф ф<br />
| Ѳ ѳ<br />
|-<br />
! Historical pronunciation<br />
| [aː]~[ɑː]<br />
| [eː]<br />
| [iː]<br />
| [ɔː]~[oː]<br />
| [uː]<br />
| [ɜː]<br />
| [tʃ]<br />
| [ŋ]<br />
| [ɸ]<br />
| [θ]<br />
|-<br />
! Replaced by letters:<br />
| AA aa<br />
| E e<br />
| I i<br />
| OO oo<br />
| UU uu<br />
| Y y<br />
| X x Q q<br />
| N n M m<br />
| F f B b<br />
| T t<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Grammar ==<br />
<br />
Blah blah<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
Nouns are highly regular and are declined according to a system. The system is dependent on whether the noun ends in ''-ll'', ''-r'', ''-aa'', ''-ai'', ''-as'', [include more]<br />
<br />
For the <br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -LL (''kyll'', "language")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -ll<br />
| -lloo<br />
| kyll<br />
| kylloo<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -llion<br />
| -llioon<br />
| kyllion<br />
| kyllioon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -lly-<br />
| -llia-<br />
| kylly-<br />
| kyllar-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -llyr-<br />
| -llar-<br />
| kyllyr-<br />
| kyllar-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -R (''door'', "country")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -r<br />
| -ria<br />
| door<br />
| dooria<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -rion<br />
| -roi<br />
| doorion<br />
| dooroi<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -ry-<br />
| -rie-<br />
| doory-<br />
| doorie-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -rj-<br />
| -rej-<br />
| doorj--<br />
| doorej-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -AA (''llynaa'', "lion")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -aa<br />
| -ea<br />
| llynaa<br />
| llynea<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -ean<br />
| -eoon<br />
| llynean<br />
| llyneoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -eo-<br />
| -eoo-<br />
| llyneo-<br />
| llyneoo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -aj-<br />
| -ej-<br />
| llynaj-<br />
| llynej-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -AI (''boorai'', "dinner")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -ai<br />
| -eai<br />
| boorai<br />
| booreai<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -ajon<br />
| -ajoon<br />
| boorajon<br />
| boorajoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -aja-<br />
| -eje-<br />
| booraja-<br />
| booreje-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -aj-<br />
| -ej-<br />
| booraj-<br />
| boorej-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -AS (''kas'', "nose, headland")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -as<br />
| -esme<br />
| kas<br />
| kasme<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -asmar<br />
| -asmui<br />
| kasmar<br />
| kasmui<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -asmy-<br />
| -asmyra-<br />
| kasmy-<br />
| kasmyra-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -asm-<br />
| -asmyr-<br />
| kasm-<br />
| kasmyr-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -E (''kaabe'', "start")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -e<br />
| -ar<br />
| kaabe<br />
| kaabar<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -eon<br />
| -eron<br />
| kaabeon<br />
| kaaberon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -e-<br />
| -a-<br />
| kaabe-<br />
| kaaba-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| -yr-<br />
| kaab-<br />
| kaabyr-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -I (''adi'', "dad")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -i<br />
| -ei<br />
| adi<br />
| adei<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -ion<br />
| -ejon<br />
| adion<br />
| adejon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -ie-<br />
| -ejo-<br />
| adie-<br />
| adejo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| -ej-<br />
| ad-<br />
| adej-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -IS (''noobis'', "prayer")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -is<br />
| -a<br />
| noobis<br />
| nooba<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -ezon<br />
| -esoon<br />
| noobezon<br />
| noobesoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -y-<br />
| -yze-<br />
| nooby-<br />
| noobyze-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| -yz-<br />
| noob-<br />
| noobyz-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -OO (''zoo'', "friend")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -oo<br />
| -eo<br />
| zoo<br />
| zeo<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -oon<br />
| -eoon<br />
| zoon<br />
| zeoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -oo-<br />
| -eo-<br />
| zoo-<br />
| zeoo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -ons-<br />
| -eons-<br />
| zons-<br />
| zeons-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -OOS (''roos'', "rain")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -oos<br />
| -os<br />
| roos<br />
| ros<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -osar<br />
| -osoon<br />
| rosar<br />
| rosoon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -osmy-<br />
| -osmo-<br />
| rosmy-<br />
| rosmo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -osm-<br />
| -osm-<br />
| rosm-<br />
| rosm-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -U (''aranu'', "prince")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -u<br />
| -uu<br />
| aranu<br />
| aranuu<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -on<br />
| -ui<br />
| aranon<br />
| aranui<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -u-<br />
| -uri-<br />
| aranu-<br />
| aranuri-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| -ur-<br />
| aran-<br />
| aranur-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! -UUN (''jemeruun'', "enemy")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -uun<br />
| -uu<br />
| jemeruun<br />
| jemeruu<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -on<br />
| -oon<br />
| jemeron<br />
| jemeroon<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -uu-<br />
| -oo-<br />
| jemeruu-<br />
| jemeroo-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| -un<br />
| -on<br />
| jemerun-<br />
| jemeron-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
! any other consonant (''araq'', "elder")<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
! example sing.<br />
! example pl.<br />
|-<br />
! base<br />
| -<br />
| -i<br />
| araq<br />
| araqi<br />
|-<br />
! adj./gen.<br />
| -on<br />
| -oi<br />
| araqon<br />
| araqoi<br />
|-<br />
! voc. stem<br />
| -o-<br />
| -oi-<br />
| araqo-<br />
| araqoi-<br />
|-<br />
! con. stem<br />
| --<br />
| --<br />
| araq-<br />
| araq-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Elwynn]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Del-al%27Enetet&diff=18376Del-al'Enetet2016-04-09T23:34:44Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Del-Al'Enetet==<br />
[[Del-al'Enetet]] is a [[conlang]] which was created by [[Tony Au]] based on English, French and Latin. While very few records of it surive<br />
outside of his own records, the following is what of his langauge was collect by [[Erik Mortis]] during the process of the creation of the<br />
language. <br />
<br />
===Del-al'Enetet Grammar===<br />
<br />
====Use of LA, El, Ly and Al - The====<br />
La is used with words that begin with a consonant, la telefon. El is used for words that begin with a vowel, el'enmyen. El and enmyen are<br />
hooked together and pronounced hooked together. Ly and Al are used in the same way, except only when the word is a proper noun. <br />
<br />
====Stresses and The Past Tense====<br />
To make a word in the past tense you usually only need add an –ed to the end of the word. However, sometimes you need to change the word, inflect it. For example, In English, went and go, or try and tried, or sing and sang. If a word has one syllable, it has no stress. (Sing (sing))<br />
<br />
If a word has two syllables, it usually (but not always) has a stress on the last syllable. (destrói (destroy))<br />
<br />
If a word has more than two syllables, it usually (but not always) has a stress on the penult, the second to last syllable. (corporasyon (corporation))<br />
<br />
* Note: When the word has more than two syllables, it will usually not be marked with an accent mark, since it is almost always on the penult. The only time it will be marked is if the accent is somewhere else besides the penult, or the penult has a very strong accent. Therefore, for a one-syllable word, when adding an -ed, the -ed is stressed. In other words, accented. Same usually with two syllable words. For more than two syllables, the stress is still on the penult. If a word has one syllable, it has the stress on the -ed. (sing (sing), singéd (sang))<br />
<br />
If a word has two syllables, it usually (but not always) has the stress on the -ed (distrói (destroy), distroijéd, (destroyed))<br />
<br />
If a word has more than two syllables, it usually (but not always) has a stress on the penult, not the -ed. (inóvate (innovate), inóvated (innovated))<br />
<br />
====Making Words Plural====<br />
When a word ends with an s, to make it plural you add -yus<br />
<br />
When a word ends with an n or m, to make it plural you add -yus<br />
<br />
When a word ends with a vowel, to make it plural you add -nyus<br />
<br />
All others, the plural is -s.<br />
===d'Enetet Conjugation===<br />
<font face="times new roman"><font size=6><b><u>d'Enetet Conjugation</u></b></font><br />
<br />
<br><font size=2><i>Canjügasyon del-al'Enetet</i></font><br />
<br />
Conjugating in d'Enetet is very easy because it has very few irregular verbs and the system of conjugating in d'Enetet is fairly simple.<br />
<br />
====<center><font size=5><u>1st Conjugation</u></font></center>====<br />
<table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2 width=75% bordercolor="#000000"><caption><b>TO HAVE</b></caption><br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633"><font color="#FFFFFF">INFINITIVE</font></td><br />
<td bgcolor="#99CC00" align=middle><b>afrjae</b></td><br />
<br />
<td rowspan=2 align=middle bgcolor="#006633"><font color="#FFFFFF">ENDINGS</font></td><br />
</tr> <br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633"><font color="#FFFFFF">STEM</font></td><td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>afr-</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633" rowspan=3><font color="#FFFFFF">PRESENT TENSE <br>(SINGULAR)</font></td><td align=middle>Ilim <b>afr</b></td><br />
<td rowspan=6 bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>None</b></td><br />
<br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>ji <b>afr</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>elem/selem <b>afr</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633" rowspan=3><font color="FFFFFF">PRESENT TENSE <br>(PLURAL)</font></td><br />
<td align=middle>vae <b>afr</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>jis <b>afr</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>elemnyus/selemnyus <b>afr</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
As you can see, conjugating in the first conjugation is very easy because there are no endings! Instead, all you need to know is the stem and that's it.<br />
<br />
====<center><font size=5><u>2nd Conjugation</u></font></center>====<br />
<br />
<table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2 width=75% bordercolor="#000000"><caption><b>TO SEE</b></caption><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633"><font color="#FFFFFF">INFINITIVE</font></td><br />
<td bgcolor="#99CC00" align=middle><b>saenjae</b></td><br />
<td rowspan=2 align=middle bgcolor="#006633"><font color="#FFFFFF">ENDINGS</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633"><font color="#FFFFFF">STEM</font></td><br />
<td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>saen-</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633" rowspan=3><font color="#FFFFFF">PRESENT TENSE <br>(SINGULAR)</font></td><br />
<td align=middle>Ilim <b>saenus</b></td><br />
<td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>-us</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>ji <b>saenum</b></td><td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>-um</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>elem/selem <b>saena</b></td><td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>-a</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633" rowspan=3><font color="FFFFFF">PRESENT TENSE <br>(PLURAL)</font></td><br />
<td align=middle>vae <b>saenúsyus</b></td><br />
<td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>-úsyus</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>jis <b>saenúmnyus</b></td><td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>-úmnyus</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>elemnyus/selemnyus <b>saenányus</b></td><br />
<td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>-ányus</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
The second conjugation is fairly easy, with the plural forms merely having the same endings as the singular, except that the singular endings have been pluralized. So the plural forms are just the same as the singular, except that they have the yus/nyus plural endings. The accent marks on the á and ú are merely there because when a word is plural, the stress usually falls on the antepenult.<br />
<br />
====<center><font size=5><u>Irregular Verbs</u></font></center>====<br />
<br />
<table border=1 align=center cellpadding=2 width=75% bordercolor="#000000"><caption><b>TO BE</b></caption><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633"><font color="#FFFFFF">INFINITIVE</font></td><br />
<td bgcolor="#99CC00" align=middle><b>baejae</b></td><br />
<td rowspan=2 align=middle bgcolor="#006633"><font color="#FFFFFF">ENDINGS</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633"><font color="#FFFFFF">STEM</font></td><br />
<td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>bae-</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633" rowspan=3><font color="#FFFFFF">PRESENT TENSE <br>(SINGULAR)</font></td><br />
<td align=middle>Ilim <b>amen</b></td><br />
<td bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>amen</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>ji <b>bae</b></td><br />
<td rowspan=5 bgcolor="#66CC00" align=middle><b>None</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>elem/selem <b>bae</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td bgcolor="#006633" rowspan=3><font color="FFFFFF">PRESENT TENSE <br>(PLURAL)</font></td><br />
<td align=middle>vae <b>bae</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>jis <b>bae</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align=middle>elemnyus/selemnyus <b>bae</b></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
To be in d'Enetet, though irregular, is still fairly regular, with the exception of Ilim amen. All the others use bae.<br />
<br />
===Numbers===<br />
0 - sero<br><br />
1 - enus<br><br />
2 - düwae<br><br />
3 - trece<br><br />
4 - fyaeren<br><br />
5 - cänte<br><br />
6 - sisus<br><br />
7 - semetice<br><br />
8 - enmetice<br><br />
9 - nometice<br><br />
10 - decus<br><br />
11 - decús-enu<br>s<br />
12 - decús-düwae<br><br />
13 - decús-trece<br><br />
14 - decus-fyaeren<br><br />
15 - decús-cänte<br><br />
16 - decús-sisus<br><br />
17 - decus-semetice<br><br />
18 - decus-enmetice<br><br />
19 - decus-nometice<br><br />
20 - düwáe-decus<br><br />
21 - düwae decús-enus<br><br />
22 - düwae decús-düwae<br><br />
23 - düwae decús-trece<br><br />
24 - düwae decus-fyaeren<br><br />
25 - düwae decús-cänte<br><br />
26 - düwae decús-sisus<br><br />
27 - düwae decus-semetice<br><br />
28 - düwae decus-enmetice<br><br />
29 - düwae decus-nometice<br><br />
30 - trecé-decus<br><br />
31 - trece decús-enus<br><br />
32 - trece decús-düwae<br><br />
33 - trece decús-trece<br><br />
34 - trece decus-fyaeren<br><br />
35 - trece decús-cänte<br><br />
36 - trece decús-sisus<br><br />
37 - trece decus-semetice<br><br />
38 - trece decus-enmetice<br><br />
39 - trece decus-nometice<br><br />
40 - fyaerén-decus<br><br />
41 - fyaeren decús-enus<br><br />
42 - fyaeren decús-düwae<br><br />
43 - fyaeren decús-trece<br><br />
44 - fyaeren decus-fyaeren<br><br />
45 - fyaeren decús-cänte<br><br />
46 - fyaeren decús-sisus<br><br />
47 - fyaeren decus-semetice<br><br />
48 - fyaeren decus-enmetice<br><br />
49 - fyaeren decus-nometice<br><br />
50 - cänté-decus<br><br />
100 - centum<br><br />
1,000 - milenyum<br><br />
10,000 - decus-milenyum<br><br />
100,000 - centum-milenyum<br><br />
1,000,000 - miledetus<br><br />
<br />
===Letter Pronunciation===<br />
a = alef<br><br />
b = be<br><br />
c = cedref<br><br />
ç = jçé<br><br />
d = dela<br><br />
e = e<br><br />
f = efe<br><br />
g = zjece<br><br />
h = ex<br><br />
i = i<br><br />
j = jece<br><br />
k = ke<br><br />
l = ele<br><br />
m = eme<br><br />
n = ene<br><br />
ñ = enñe<br><br />
o = o<br><br />
p = pae<br><br />
r = aer<br><br />
s = ese<br><br />
š = ešwae<br><br />
t = te<br><br />
ð = ðe<br><br />
þ = þe<br><br />
u = üwae<br><br />
v = vecae<br><br />
w = wenae<br><br />
x = esus<br><br />
y = ye<br><br />
z = zed<br><br />
<br />
a = short o<br><br />
p = hard b, english p, or b and p pronounced at the same time<br><br />
c = english c, always hard, has an aspirate<br><br />
ç = variable, usually c with throated sound<br><br />
d = english d<br><br />
e = short e<br><br />
f = english f<br><br />
g = english g<br><br />
h = english h<br><br />
i = long e<br><br />
j = english y sound<br><br />
j = french e sound in "le"<br><br />
k = unaspirated c, or g and k pronounced at the same time<br><br />
l = english l<br><br />
m = english m<br><br />
n = english n<br><br />
ñ = combined with vowel to create nasal vowel (añ, eñ, iñ, ect.)<br><br />
o = long o<br><br />
r = like spanish r, always trilled<br><br />
s = english s<br><br />
š = s with slight whistle sound<br><br />
t = english t, or d and t pronounced at the same time<br><br />
u = short u<br><br />
q = ch sound<br><br />
v = english v<br><br />
w = english w<br><br />
x = sh sound<br><br />
y = long e and english y sound, two syllables<br><br />
z = english z sound<br><br />
<br />
ä = american short a<br><br />
ae = long a<br><br />
ao = as in "caw", "call", "all", "law", ect.<br><br />
ar = as in "car", "bar", "tar", ect.<br><br />
au = ow sound, as in "cow"<br><br />
ï = short i<br><br />
ie = long i<br><br />
iu = as in "euclid", "euphoria", ect., long u sound<br><br />
oi = as in "oil"<br><br />
or = as in "or"<br><br />
th = as in “thick:”<br><br />
ü = oo sound, as in "moon"<br><br />
zj = g sound as in “mage”<br><br />
þ = as in the TH in “this”<br><br />
<br />
aer = as in "air"<br><br />
tçr = french tr, as in "trebuchet"<br><br />
<br />
===Partital Dictionary===<br />
Del-al'Enetet Word English Word Part Of Speech<br><br />
Ae And Article<br><br />
Aelas Hell Name<br><br />
Aerïc Erik/Eric/Erick Name<br><br />
Aest East Noun<br><br />
Afr Have, to Verb<br><br />
Ala Or Conjuction<br><br />
Al'Actóbrj October Noun<br><br />
Al'Amaeriká America Noun<br><br />
Al'Aprij April Noun<br><br />
Al'Augüsti August Noun<br><br />
Alor Also Conjuction<br><br />
Alsìejae Sire Noun<br><br />
Am Am Verb<br><br />
Arbor Tree Noun<br><br />
Aurum Gold Noun<br><br />
Avec What ProNoun<br><br />
Bàehâ King Noun<br><br />
Bañxali Pencil Noun<br><br />
Bed Bed Noun<br><br />
Bene Good Adjective<br><br />
Bil Bill Name<br><br />
Blankáti Blanket Noun<br><br />
Bokwa Who ProNoun<br><br />
Bokwie Why Adverb<br><br />
Bryän Brian Name<br><br />
Canin Dog Noun<br><br />
Canine Female Dog Noun<br><br />
Corporasyon Corporation Noun<br><br />
Dämnus Condemn, to Verb<br><br />
Dan Thank <br><br />
Danae That ProNoun<br><br />
Danji Thank, to Verb<br><br />
Dänjul Daniel Name<br><br />
Daved David Name<br><br />
De, Del Of Article<br><br />
Deci To Verb<br><br />
Destrói Destoy, to Verb<br><br />
Djeben Goodbye <br><br />
E, En A Article<br><br />
Fäñtam Ghost/Fantom Noun<br><br />
Fiscüs Fish Noun<br><br />
Forc Fork Noun<br><br />
Grïgaryuþ Gregory Name<br><br />
Gyafurmentum Government Noun<br><br />
Inóvate Innovate Verb<br><br />
Isí Is Verb<br><br />
Je, Yes Adverb<br><br />
Ji You ProNoun<br><br />
Jüniet Unite, to Verb<br><br />
Koréktüs Correct Adjective<br><br />
La saezoñ de fleur Spring Noun<br><br />
La saezoñ de sümus Summer Noun<br><br />
La saezoñ de wintáryus Winter Noun<br><br />
La saezoñ del'autumnus Autumn/Fall Noun<br><br />
La, Lj, Al, El The Article<br><br />
Laejo Lane/Road/Path/Ect Noun<br><br />
Lemon Lemon Noun<br><br />
Lj Decémbrae December Noun<br><br />
Lj Fraenzj France Noun<br><br />
Lj Frçaeryaer February Noun<br><br />
Lj Janvaern January Noun<br><br />
Lj Jülie July Noun<br><br />
Lj Jünus June Noun<br><br />
Lj Maxae March Noun<br><br />
Lj Miejo May Noun<br><br />
Lj Nowémbrae November Noun<br><br />
Lj Santámbrj September Noun<br><br />
Llïm I (informal) ProNoun<br><br />
Llimiká I (formal) ProNoun<br><br />
Madám Madam (informal) Noun<br><br />
Madamáe Madam (formal) Noun<br><br />
Maezj Mage Noun<br><br />
Manjüscriptos Book Noun<br><br />
Mäþiu Matthew Name<br><br />
Ne No Adverb<br><br />
Neaf Knife Noun<br><br />
Nid Need, to Verb<br><br />
Nor North Noun<br><br />
Nüwego New Adjective<br><br />
Oranzj Orange Noun<br><br />
Papyae Paper Noun<br><br />
Pçresidántae President Noun<br><br />
Pom Apple Noun<br><br />
Problém Problem Noun<br><br />
Radyo Radio Noun<br><br />
Repablicos Republic Noun<br><br />
Saezoñ Season Noun<br><br />
Salü Hello <br><br />
Sau South Noun<br><br />
Scat Scott Name<br><br />
Sìejae Sir Noun<br><br />
Silwyus Forest Noun<br><br />
Sing Sing Verb<br><br />
Sizae Scissor Noun<br><br />
Spün Spoon Noun<br><br />
Stazí State Noun<br><br />
Stilyus Pen Noun<br><br />
Syj See Verb<br><br />
Telefon Telephone Noun<br><br />
Televisyoñ Television Noun<br><br />
Vae We ProNoun<br><br />
Vaest West Noun<br><br />
Vañtjñ Want, to Verb<br><br />
Visyoñ Vision Noun<br><br />
Xa Shall Adverb<br><br />
Xar Chair Noun<br><br />
Zjaesun Jason Name<br><br />
Zjan John Name<br><br />
<br />
[[category:history]]<br />
[[category:fiction]]<br />
[[category:culture]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Constructed_language&diff=18375Constructed language2016-04-09T23:34:13Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>A '''constructed language''' or '''conlang''' is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been consciously devised by an individual or group, instead of having evolved naturally.. Whereas most spoken languages evolve over thousands of years, conlangs are created from scratch. There are numerous reasons for doing this. Some linguists have created languages for use in place of natural languages (most notably, Esperanto). Some linguists create them for use in stories (for instance, Klingon). Some create them simply for pleasure or for educational purposes.<br />
<br />
In Shireroth, conlangs serve as part of the long and complex cultures and fictional histories that make up the nation, adding a touch of realism to the nation. Some of these languages, like [[Written Halluci]], are nothing more than a system of disguising English. Others, like [[Radarasilikan]] and [[Yardistani]] have their own vocabularies and individual grammars and can truly be thought of as languages of their own.<br />
<br />
Shireroth is home to a number of conlangs. They include the following:<br />
* [[Shirerothian language | Shirerothian]]<br />
* [[Yardistani language | Yardistani]]<br />
* [[Radarasilikan]]<br />
* [[Rantsilastani]]<br />
* [[Benacian Anglish]]<br />
* [[Horjinic]]<br />
* [[Del-al'Enetet]]<br />
* [[Eldurian language | Eldurian]]<br />
* [[Laqi]]<br />
* [[Lakhesian]]<br />
* [[Passikaans]]<br />
* [[Lishkan]]<br />
* [[Written Halluci]]<br />
* [[Garla Solarian]]<br />
<br />
-----<br />
See Also:<br />
[http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The ConLang Construction Kit]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fiction]] [[Category:Culture]] [[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:Con_quesa/shireroth_conlang&diff=18374User:Con quesa/shireroth conlang2016-04-09T23:34:00Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is a public scratch pad for the Shireroth language, or ''Præta Sxiroþes''. The official version thereof, once created and decided upon, will appear on another page in this wiki.<br />
<br />
In this grammar sketch, ''italic'' text is used to indicate romanized text in Shireroth (or sometimes to indicate English text used to illustrate a linguistic feature of Shireroth). '''Bold''' text is used to indicate linguistic terms that may need further definition.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonant Inventory===<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"<br />
!<br />
!Labial<br />
!Dental<br />
!Alveolar<br />
!Postalveolar/<br>Palatal consonant<br />
!Velar<br />
!Glottal<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Nasal<br />
|'''m''' /m/<br />
|<br />
|'''n''' /n/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Plosive<br />
|'''p''' /p/, '''b''' /b/<br />
|<br />
|'''t''' /t/, '''d''' /d/<br />
|'''c''' /tʃ/, '''ç''' /dʒ/<br />
|'''k''' /k/, '''ɡ''' /g/<br />
|<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Fricative<br />
|'''f''' /f/, '''v''' /v/<br />
|'''þ''' /θ/, '''ð''' /ð/<br />
|'''s''' /s/, '''z''' /z/<br />
|'''sx''' /ʃ/, '''zx''' /ʒ/<br />
|'''kx''' /x/<br />
|'''h''' /h/<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Approximant<br />
|'''xw''' /ʍ/, '''w''' /w/<br />
|<br />
|'''l''' /l/<br />
|'''j''' /j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Flap<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|'''r''' /ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Some consonants are written as digraphs, i.e. two separate letters treated as a single unit and used to indicate one sound. The specific letters used have been chosen such that there is no potential for ambiguity between two letters meant to indicate a single sound and two letters representing two separate sounds.<br />
<br />
Whenever two consonants appear in a single cell, the one on the left is voiceless (pronounced without vibration of the vocal cords), and the one on the right is voiced (pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords). In English, voicing is the difference between the initial consonants in ''fine'' (voiceless) and ''vine'' (voiced), or between the final sounds in house used as a noun, and house used as a verb.<br />
<br />
'''p b t d k''' and '''g''' are all sounds found in English, and an English speaker should have no problem dealing with the equivalent sounds found in Shireroth. '''f v s z''' and '''h''' are also sounds common to both Shireroth and English. Note that in written English voiced sounds are sometimes written the same way as their equivalent voiced sounds - we can see this in house used above, where the final s may represent either a /s/ sound or a /z/ sound. This does not happen in Shireroth - a '''s''' always represents an /s/, and a '''z''' always represenents a /z/ (we would expect a Shireroth speaker, therefore, to write that English word as "house" and "houze", until he was taught the complexities of English's writing system).<br />
<br />
'''þ''' and '''ð''' represent the voiceless and voiced versions of the fricative sound normally written in English as th, as in thin. The initial sound of "thin", in fact, is a voiceless '''th''', and would be written in Shireroth as '''þin'''. In English, the voiced version of that sound also written with a '''th''', as in the pronoun "them". Shireroth, unlike English, writes these two sounds differently; if "them" were a Shireroth word, it would be written '''ðem'''.<br />
<br />
'''kx''' represents /x/, a fricative sound that is not found in English, but is found in German (as the ach-laut, the sound written "ch" in words like "acht".<br />
<br />
'''c''' and '''ç''' represent the sounds that are more traditionally written in English as '''ch''' and '''j''', IPA /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. These sounds are written in the Stops row of the table above for convenience, but they are more accurately ''affricates'', which may be thought of as sounds that are a combination of a stop and it's corresponding fricative. This use of the letters c and ç to write these sounds is precisely the opposite of how Turkish writes those same sounds (i.e. a Shireroth c corresponds to a Turkish ç, and vice-versa).<br />
<br />
'''sx''' and '''zx''' represent the sounds written in English as sh, and its voiced equivalent. The voiceless version of the sound appears in words like ship, while the voiced version is the initial sound of the second syllable in words like pleasure or leisure. <br />
<br />
'''r''' in Shireroth represents a sound not found in English, a tapped r. This sound is found in Spanish (r as opposed to rr). This sound is very similar to, but not exactly the same as, the sound of a '''t''' or '''d''' pronounced between two vowels in an unstressed syllable in American English (ex. "prattle" or "paddle").<br />
<br />
'''j''' is used, as in German, to indicate the consonant sound normally written in English as '''y''', as in "yes" or "yellow" (which a Shireroth speaker would want to write as "jes" and "jelo").<br />
<br />
'''xw''' is a voiceless w, IPA /w̥/, pronounced similarly to how some British speakers of English would pronounce the initial '''wh''' of "what" or "which" (as opposed to witch). '''w''' is the voiced version of this same sound, and is pronounced identically to the English sound written as '''w''' in words like "win" and "worry".<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding = "3" border = "1" cellspacing = "0"<br />
|- align=center<br />
!<br />
! Front<br />
! Neutral<br />
! Back<br />
<br />
|- align=center<br />
! High<br />
| y<br />
| i <br />
| u <br />
|- align=center<br />
! Mid<br />
| ö <br />
| e <br />
| o <br />
|- align=center<br />
! Low<br />
| ä <br />
| a<br />
| å<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Shireroth's vowel system cannot be understood without understanding the concept of ''vowel harmony''. Vowel harmony is a phonological process active in the language that restricts certain types of vowels from occuring together in a single word. <br />
<br />
Shireroth's vowels are divided into three classes: ''front vowels'', namely '''y''' '''ö''' and '''ä'''; ''back vowels'', '''u o''' and''' å'''; and ''neutral vowels'', '''i''' '''u''' and '''a''', for a total of nine distinct vowels in the langauge. The principle of vowel harmony states that a single word may either contain front vowels but no back vowels, or back vowels but no front vowels. The neutral vowels do not participate in vowel harmony, and may occur in all types of words.<br />
<br />
(In phonetics, the terms front, central and back are often used to describe vowels based on where in the mouth they are physically articulated. Clearly, the vowel harmony in Shireroth has its basis in the backness and frontness of the vowels, but that is not the whole story. /i/ and /e/, for instance, are phonetically front vowels just like y and ø are, but the former are not affected by vowel harmony and the latter are. The Wikipedia article on vowel harmony gives a more in-depth overview of the linguistic concept, and provides examples of it occuring in several different languages. In fact, the vowel harmony processes in Finnish are quite similar to the ones in Shireroth, owing to their similar vowel inventories.)<br />
<br />
While the writing system of English does a reasonably good job representing English's consonants in a straightforward manner, its ways of representing vowels are terrible, and there is no straightforward way of describing Shireroth's vowels in terms of written English vowels. Shireroth has exactly nine vowels written with exactly nine separate letters, and the ways that those letters are used in English should in no way influence a person trying to use them to write Shireroth.<br />
<br />
'''y''' represents a high front rounded vowel /y/, which is not found in English. This is sound of Finnish yksi, or German über, or French tu. An English speaker can produce this sound by saying the vowel of see, and then rounding their lips without otherwise changing the way the pronounce the vowel.<br />
<br />
'''ö''' represents a mid front rounded vowel /ø/, which is also not found in English, but exists in Finnish and German in words like ön and Göbbels. A speaker of English can produce this sound by pronouncing an e and rounding their lips as if they were pronouncing an '''o''' or '''u'''.<br />
<br />
'''æ''' represents a low front unrounded vowel /æ/, found in English as the vowel sound of pat or cat. The Shireroth word ræd is pronounced almost like the English word rad. In Shireroth, unlike English, this sound can occur at the end of a word. In words containing the vowel '''a''', '''æ''' is often pronounced more like an [ɛ], the sound of English "pet" or "set", to maximally distinguish it from '''a'''.<br />
<br />
'''i''' represents a high front unrounded vowel /i/ (here, "front" refers to a phonetic description of the vowel. It is not a "front" vowel for the purposes of vowel harmony). This is the sound of English "pea" or "see", only not generally pronounced as long as the English vowel would be.<br />
<br />
'''e''' represents a mid front unrounded vowel /e/ which is neutral to vowel harmony. This vowel varies between the English vowel sounds of "pen" and "pain" - and so, we might expect a speaker of Shireroth to have difficulty with those two vowel sounds in English, and mix up words like pet and pain frequently until they were more comfortable with English's different vowel system.<br />
<br />
'''a''' represents a low central unrounded vowel /a/. This vowel is not found in American English. It is somewhere between '''æ''' and '''å''' in quality, and is neutral to vowel harmony.<br />
<br />
'''u''' represents a high back rounded vowel, similar to the English sound in lewd or sue. Some dialects of English pronounce this vowel noticably forward in the mouth, and round it less. This does not happen in Shireroth - the vowel u is always pronounced in the back of the mouth with rounded lips.<br />
<br />
'''o''' represents a mid back rounded vowel, somewhat similar to the English vowel in low or sew. Note that most dialects of English tend to pronounce this sound as a diphthong, which does not occur in Shireroth.<br />
<br />
'''å''' represents a low back unrounded vowel /ɑ/. This is the vowel of "cot" and "caught" for English speakers who do not pronounce those two words differently (for instance, most English speakers in western North America).<br />
<br />
Owing to vowel harmony, there are many suffixes in Shireroth which have two different forms - one with back vowels, one with front vowels - depending on whether the word the affix is attached to has front or back vowels. For instance, the suffix marking the accusative case is -æ for words with front vowels (so the accusative of ''ræd'' is ''rædæ''), but -å for words with back vowels (so the accusative of ''sxun'' is ''sxunå''). Suffixes like these which have vowels subject to change under vowel harmony are written like this: -'''æ/å'''. <br />
<br />
Some affixes which change under vowel harmony do not have pairs of front and back vowels, but instead pairs of neutral and back vowels. For instance, the affix marking the plural accusative is '''-a/å'''. For back vowel words, this means that the plural and singular accusatives are identical: '''sxun''' (nom), '''sxunå''' (acc sg/pl). But front vowel words consequently have different singular and plural accusatives: ræd (nom), rædæ (acc sg.), ræda (acc pl.).<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
Præta nouns are declined for four cases, the nominative, accusative, genitive and prepositional. Nouns are also divided into three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, which are generally arbitrary.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Noun declension===<br />
<br />
Præta has several different declension patterns for nouns, which imperfectly align with the gender system.<br />
<br />
<br />
====-C declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is used with noun stems ending in a consonant. Almost all such nouns are masculine or neuter, but there are a few feminine ones as well.<br />
<br />
Ex. ræd, (m), "house" (front vowel harmony)<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ræd<br />
| rædek<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| rædæ<br />
| rædæ<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| rædes<br />
| ræðez<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| ræði<br />
| ræðim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In this declension class there is a minor difference between front and back vowel harmony nouns. The accusative singular suffix is -æ/å, while the accusative plural affix is -æ/a. So, nouns with front vowel harmony have identical singular and plural accusative forms (cf. ''ræd'', which has identical singular and plural accusative forms in ''rædæ'', and ''åtol'', whose singular accusative is ''åtolå'' and whose plural accusative is ''åtola'').<br />
<br />
In this declension also note the presence of '''consonant weakening (lenition)'''. Here, the ''d'' of ''ræd'' weakens to a ð due to the presence of an ''i'' in the singular and plural prepositional, as well as in the plural genitive (this is due to a historic ''i'' which has been dropped). In general, -C class nouns ending in a stop consonant (that is, ''p b t d k g'' weaken that consonant to ''f v þ ð kx j'', respectively, in the prepositional and genitive plural cases, before adding the case ending.<br />
<br />
====-Cpal declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is made up of nouns ending in one of the consonants -c, -ç, -sx or -zx. These nouns are exclusively feminine. Historically, these nouns ended in a feminine marking suffix -i, explaining the palatalization. This class is almost entirely made of front vowel harmony nouns.<br />
<br />
ex. mec<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| mec<br />
| mecim<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| mecel<br />
| mecele<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| meces<br />
| mecez<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| meci<br />
| mecim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==== -o/ö declension ====<br />
<br />
Much like how -a is a characteristic vowel of the feminine gender in Spanish, -o/ö is the equivalent vowel in Præta. Almost all nouns ending in -o/ö are in the feminine gender, and they decline thusly.<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| læjö<br />
| læjöm<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| læje<br />
| læjem<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| læjys<br />
| læjyz<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| læji<br />
| læjim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== -u/-y declension====<br />
<br />
-u/y declension nouns are all either masculine or feminine, lacking neuters entirely. Generally, nouns ending in -y (i.e front-vowel harmony nouns) are feminine, while nouns ending -u (back-vowel harmony nouns) are masculine, but there are a few exceptions to this tendency. The presence of the -w blocks consonant lenition in the Genitive plural, but lenition still occurs in the prepositional singular and plural if the noun stem has one of the affected consonants.<br />
<br />
<br />
ex. ''jatu'', (m) sheep<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jatu<br />
| jatwek<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| jatwel<br />
| jatwele<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| jatwes<br />
| jatwez<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| jaþi<br />
| jaþim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
ex. ''harsy'', (fem), "prostitute"<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| harsy<br />
| harswem<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| harswel<br />
| harswele<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| harswes<br />
| harswez<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| harsxi<br />
| harsxim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====-V declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is used for nouns whose stems end in a vowel (apart from feminine -o/ö nouns and masculine -u nouns). These nouns are generally feminine, but some masculine and neuter nouns occur in this declension as well.<br />
<br />
ex. Præta (fem), "speech"<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| præta<br />
| prætan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| prætan<br />
| prætane<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| prætanes<br />
| prætanse<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| prætani<br />
| prætanim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====-n declension====<br />
<br />
-n declension nouns are either feminine or neuter. No masculine noun may occur in this declension class. <br />
<br />
Ex. sxun (n.), "spike" (back vowel declension)<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sxun<br />
| sxunk<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sxunå<br />
| sxunåk<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sxunz<br />
| sxunsk<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| sxuni<br />
| sxunim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====-t declension====<br />
<br />
This class of nouns is made up of nouns whose nominative singular ends in a -t. This class is exclusively made up of neuter nouns. While it is not always easy to determine the gender of a Præta noun by knowing it's form, any noun ending in a -t in the nominative singular can be assumed to be neuter and decline according to this pattern.<br />
<br />
<br />
Ex. ''zxelt'', "leg"<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| zxelt<br />
| zxelk<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| zxelæ<br />
| zxelæk<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| zxeles<br />
| zxelesk<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| zxeli<br />
| zxelim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vocative case===<br />
<br />
Præta has a marginal vocative case, only used with personal names and some nouns used as titles (ex. king, general). The vocative is also largely restricted to polite and formal language, although some vocative constructions, especially with personal names, have a prejorative meaning. <br />
<br />
The vocative is formed very simply and regularly. For nouns whose stem ends in a consonant (i.e all nouns except neuters ending in -t), regardless of declension class, the vocative is formed by adding an -e to the noun stem. So, the vocative of ''kajsar'', "king" is ''kajsare'', "O King". Nouns whose stems end in a vowel have a vocative identical to the nominative, except for -t neuters, which drop the t. The vocative of ''sxulomåt'', "duke" (which, recall, is a neuter -t noun with a vowel stem), has a vocative identical to its own stem: ''sxulomǻ'', "O duke".<br />
<br />
===The determiner===<br />
<br />
In Præta, most modifiers come after the noun (ex. ''læjö byraza til si sxikxi'', "a long road to the city", lit. road long to the city"). However, there is a class of modifiers to the noun, termed '''determiners''', that can appear immediately before the noun. This class of determiners includes the article (''se'', "the"), numbers (''sof'', "two"; ''håpsa'', "first"), and certain quantifiers (''meci'', "every, all"; ''nul'', "no, not any").<br />
<br />
In general, only one determiner can appear in the position immediately before the noun at a time. So, in order to modify a noun with multiple determiners, one of them is placed in the initial position (generally, this is an article), and the other one is placed after the noun, just as if it were a normal adjective or other modifier. For instance, "two roads" in Præta is ''sof læjöm'', but "the two roads" is ''sum læjöm sof''. ''sof'', "two" is treated as an adjective even thought<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
<br />
Præta has nine personal pronouns:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border = "1" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "4"<br />
!<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!1st Person<br />
| æj<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
!2nd person<br />
| desæ<br />
| desæn<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd person<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Masculine<br />
| þun<br />
| senk<br />
|-<br />
|Feminine<br />
| þo<br />
| senk<br />
|-<br />
|Neuter<br />
| sxå<br />
| senk<br />
|-<br />
| Human <br />
| sen<br />
| senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Præta's 2nd person pronoun declines like a regular -æ ending noun. ''desæn'' is the regular plural of that class of nouns, and the other cases are formed regularly as well. 'Desæ' seems to be a loan from Yardistani or a closely-related langauge, explaining its regularity. The other personal pronouns seem to be native and, as might be expected, decline irregularly.<br />
<br />
The masculine, feminine and neuter third person pronouns are used only for inanimates, and agree in gender with the grammatical gender of their antecedent. Humans and some animals (generally pets, working animals, or otherwise easily-personifiable creatures) are referred to in the third person singular by a separate pronoun, ''sen''. This pronoun is historically a 3rd person '''plural''' pronoun, and its application to ''singular'' human antecedents is similar to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_they phenomenon of singular-they] in English.<br />
<br />
Præta has taken this process further than English has, however; ''sen'' is the default pronoun for referring to a human in the 3rd person singular, and ''þo'' or ''þun'' can only be used with 3rd person human antecedents to specifically call attention to their gender. ''sxå'' is never used for a human antecedent, though it is occasionally used with animals. "That man" or "that woman" would be better translations than "he" or "she" for Præta's third person gendered pronouns used with a human antecedent.<br />
<br />
As a result of its historical origin, ''sen'' has plural subject or object agreement on the verb, even when referring to a singular human antecedent, while ''þun'', ''þo'' and ''sxå'' have singular agreement. In the plural, all the 3rd person pronouns merge as ''senk'', and take plural agreement.<br />
<br />
===Pronoun Declension===<br />
<br />
====First person====<br />
<br />
{| border = "1" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "4"<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| æj<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| hån<br />
| son<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| hin<br />
| von<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| hi<br />
| vi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Second person====<br />
The second person pronoun declines like a regular -V declension noun. <br />
<br />
{| border = "1" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "4"<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| desæ<br />
| desæn<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| desæn<br />
| desæne<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| desænes<br />
| desænse<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| desæni<br />
| desænim<br />
|}<br />
===Third Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
''þun'' - third person masculine pronoun<br />
<br />
{| border = "1" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "4"<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| þun<br />
| senk<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| þån<br />
| sxik<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| þono<br />
| sxono<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| þi<br />
| sxi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verb Morphology==<br />
<br />
Præta verb morphology is something akin to Basque; that is, only a small minority of verbs are inflectable, and <br />
most inflectional information is actually expressed through periphrastic verb constructions. Præta does have some encoding of both subject and object on the verb - the subject is encoded by a relatively sparse set of personal endings (comparable to German), while the object of (transitive or benefactive) verbs is encoded by a set of prefixes. Historically, these prefixes are actually ''politeness'' prefixes, with polite forms generalized to always refer to 2nd person objects and plain forms generalized to 1st person objects (comparable to Japanese, which has, for instance, ''ageru'' for "give (to someone else)" vs. ''kureru'', "give (to me)" ).<br />
<br />
Because there are so few verbs which inflect, and because those verbs are so common, these verbs are basically irregular. But once the irregular conjugation of those few verbs is learned, every verbal construction in the language (except the simple past, which is completely regular) works the same way.<br />
<br />
Verbs also have two participles, the ''imperfect participle'' and the ''perfect participle'', as well as a general <br />
nominalized form, the ''gerund'', which fulfills many of the same roles that the infinitive and gerund (i.e. the -ing form) do in English. The citation form is actually the 3rd person singular form of the verb, rather than the infinitive as is common for romance languages. In Præta the infinitive is always formed very regularly, whereas knowing the 3rd person singular form is enough to know how to fully conjugate the verb.<br />
<br />
===Simple Past===<br />
<br />
The simple past tense is the only tense that is directly expressed on regular verbs - all other tenses are formed with inflected (and generally irregular) auxuiliary verbs (like English "is coming", "will be seeing", etc.). There are two conjugations of verbs with consonant stems, and only one conjugation for verbs with vowel stems.<br />
<br />
Vowel stem verbs: ex. ''torku'', "turn, twist", <br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| torkun<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| torku<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| torku <br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| torkult<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| torkut<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| torkut<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Consonant stem conjugation I example: ''kart'', "to run" (front vowel), ''dång'', "to burn, set fire" (back vowel harmony)<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| karta/dånga<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| kart/dång<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| karti/dångi<br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| kartyt/dångut<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| kartyt/dångut<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| kartyt/dångut<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Consonant stem conjugation II example: ''cæzöti'', "to chase" (front harmony), ''muçuri'', "to kill" (back harmony)<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| cæzöta/muçura<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| cæzöt/muçur<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| cæzöti/muçuri<br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| cæzötit/muçurit<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| cæzötit/cæzötit<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| cæzötit/muçurit<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For vowel-stem verbs, the personal endings are: æj -n, desæ -0, þun/sxå -0, sym -lt, desæt -t, sen/senk -t. For consonant stem verbs of the first conjugation, they are: æj -a, desæ -0, þun/sxå -0, sym -yt/ut, desæt -yt/ut, sen/senk -yt/ut. Of the second conjugation, they are: æj -a, desæ -0, þun/sxå -i, sym -it, desæt -it, sen/senk -it.<br />
<br />
It is easy to tell if a consonant-stem verb is in the 1st or 2nd conjugation by knowing whether the 3rd person<br />
singular has no ending or -i, since verbs are cited by their 3rd person singular form. There is a slight possibility of confusion with vowel-stem verbs which happen to end in -i, but those are very rare.<br />
<br />
===Participle and Infinitive forms===<br />
<br />
The participle and infinitive forms are very important, because they form the basis for all the other tenses.<br />
<br />
There are two types of participle forms, the imperfect participle and the perfect participle. Different auxiliary verbs require the main verb to be in the imperfect or perfect form in order to form particular tenses. The infinitive is used with other auxiliary verbs, and is also used to form the simple nominalization of a verb (just like how in English we can say "To err is human" or "Running away from your problems is bad").<br />
<br />
The 2 types of consonant-stem conjugation don't matter for forming the infinitive and participle forms, the endings<br />
only differ between consonant-stem and vowel-stem verbs.<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
| Vowel-stem (ex. ''kartu'')<br />
| Consonant-stem (ex. ''dång'' (back vowel), ''kart'' (front vowel))<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect Participle<br />
| ''kartu-ni''<br />
| ''dång-i''<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect Participle<br />
| ''kartu-z''<br />
| ''dång-åz'' (''kart-æz'')<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| ''kartu-ça''<br />
| ''dång-oça'' (''kart-öça'')<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Simple Present===<br />
<br />
The simple present is formed using one of three '''auxiliary verbs''' - ''zaça'' (intransitive and 3rd person obj) ''giça'' (1st person object) and ''kuçå'' (2nd person object) - plus a '''main verb''' in its imperfect participle form. The simple present is much like the english ''be''-progressive (as in "I am seeing", "You're running", "We're playing a game") in both its meaning and the way the construction is formed - you can think of the '''imperfect participle''' as basically the same as the -ing form of an English verb, and ''zaça'', ''giça'' and ''kuçå'' as different forms of the "to be" verb.<br />
<br />
How do you decide which of the three auxiliary verbs to use? It depends on the '''object''' of the whole verb construction. Intransitive verbs (verbs without an object, like "run", "think", "fly") and verbs with a 3rd person object (like in "I'm seeing a cow", "I'm eating some pie", "You were shoving him roughly into a pile of dung") use ''zaça''. Verbs with a 2nd person object use ''kuçå'' - "I saw you in the garden", "The monster attacked you", "Don't you kill yourself!" and verbs with a 1st person object use ''giça'' ("I saw myself in the mirror", "They took us to the party"). In all cases it doesn't matter whether the object is singular or plural, only whether it is 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.<br />
<br />
As befitting very common grammatical function words, all three of these auxiliary verbs are highly irregular. Their conjugation pattern is given below. Note that the infinitive forms of these verbs are irregular - they are not predictable from knowing the form of the 3rd person singular like with most verbs, and so have to be listed separately. <br />
<br />
''zaça'', 3rd-person-objective auxiliary<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| za<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| o<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| za <br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| zån<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| zån<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| zån<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
It is very common for the form ''za æj'', "I am (doing something)" to be contracted to ''zæj''.<br />
<br />
<br />
''giça'', 1st-person-objective auxiliary<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| gel<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| gy<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| gil <br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| çi<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| çi<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| çi<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''kuçå'', 2nd-person-objective auxiliary<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| kuz<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| ke<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| kuzå<br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| kåz<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| kåz<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| kåz<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
It is very common for the 3rd person singular form of this verb to be reduced to ''ku'': ''ku þun'' and ''ku sxå'' instead of the full ''kuzå þun'' and ''kuzå sxå''.<br />
<br />
==Prepositions==<br />
<br />
Præta uses prepositions to indicate certain types of relationships, often spatial, between objects. Further, some verbs require complements of a prepositional phrase of a particular preposition.<br />
<br />
''að'' - translated as "of" or "from", used primarily to indicate direction from which movement has occured: ''Hjalpta æj að se ræði'', I walked '''away from''' the house.<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
Præta has Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) word order. More generally, Præta is typologically a ''head-initial language'' - that is, a language in which modifiers tend to come after the constituent they modify. So, in Præta adjectives follow nouns, genitives and relative clauses follow nouns, there are prepositions instead of postpositions, etc.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
<br />
At this time, only a very incomplete list, of course. This is mostly just to have some vocabulary to play around with when making example sentences.<br />
<br />
sxun (m. noun) spike,nail<br><br />
ræd (m. noun) house<br><br />
jor (adv) yesterday<br><br />
læjö (f. noun) road, path<br><br />
mec (f. noun) fire<br><br />
hys (f. noun) person<br><br />
måna (adj) male<br><br />
odmåna (adj) female<br><br />
pike (f. noun) sword<br><br />
traum (n. noun) journey<br><br />
sult (n. noun) ocean<br><br />
æksel (m. noun) arm, metaphorically weapon<br><br />
zxelt (n. noun) leg<br><br />
sxulomåt (n. noun) duke<br><br />
jatu (m. noun) sheep<br><br />
til (preposition) to, until<br><br />
sikx (n. noun) city<br><br />
åtol (m. noun) island<br /><br />
waçhörsy (f. noun) parliament, council<br /><br />
waçet (n. noun) country, land<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:Con_quesa/shireroth_conlang&diff=18373User:Con quesa/shireroth conlang2016-04-09T23:33:40Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Conlangs]]<br />
<br />
This is a public scratch pad for the Shireroth language, or ''Præta Sxiroþes''. The official version thereof, once created and decided upon, will appear on another page in this wiki.<br />
<br />
In this grammar sketch, ''italic'' text is used to indicate romanized text in Shireroth (or sometimes to indicate English text used to illustrate a linguistic feature of Shireroth). '''Bold''' text is used to indicate linguistic terms that may need further definition.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonant Inventory===<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"<br />
!<br />
!Labial<br />
!Dental<br />
!Alveolar<br />
!Postalveolar/<br>Palatal consonant<br />
!Velar<br />
!Glottal<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Nasal<br />
|'''m''' /m/<br />
|<br />
|'''n''' /n/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Plosive<br />
|'''p''' /p/, '''b''' /b/<br />
|<br />
|'''t''' /t/, '''d''' /d/<br />
|'''c''' /tʃ/, '''ç''' /dʒ/<br />
|'''k''' /k/, '''ɡ''' /g/<br />
|<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Fricative<br />
|'''f''' /f/, '''v''' /v/<br />
|'''þ''' /θ/, '''ð''' /ð/<br />
|'''s''' /s/, '''z''' /z/<br />
|'''sx''' /ʃ/, '''zx''' /ʒ/<br />
|'''kx''' /x/<br />
|'''h''' /h/<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Approximant<br />
|'''xw''' /ʍ/, '''w''' /w/<br />
|<br />
|'''l''' /l/<br />
|'''j''' /j/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-align=center<br />
!Flap<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|'''r''' /ɾ/<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Some consonants are written as digraphs, i.e. two separate letters treated as a single unit and used to indicate one sound. The specific letters used have been chosen such that there is no potential for ambiguity between two letters meant to indicate a single sound and two letters representing two separate sounds.<br />
<br />
Whenever two consonants appear in a single cell, the one on the left is voiceless (pronounced without vibration of the vocal cords), and the one on the right is voiced (pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords). In English, voicing is the difference between the initial consonants in ''fine'' (voiceless) and ''vine'' (voiced), or between the final sounds in house used as a noun, and house used as a verb.<br />
<br />
'''p b t d k''' and '''g''' are all sounds found in English, and an English speaker should have no problem dealing with the equivalent sounds found in Shireroth. '''f v s z''' and '''h''' are also sounds common to both Shireroth and English. Note that in written English voiced sounds are sometimes written the same way as their equivalent voiced sounds - we can see this in house used above, where the final s may represent either a /s/ sound or a /z/ sound. This does not happen in Shireroth - a '''s''' always represents an /s/, and a '''z''' always represenents a /z/ (we would expect a Shireroth speaker, therefore, to write that English word as "house" and "houze", until he was taught the complexities of English's writing system).<br />
<br />
'''þ''' and '''ð''' represent the voiceless and voiced versions of the fricative sound normally written in English as th, as in thin. The initial sound of "thin", in fact, is a voiceless '''th''', and would be written in Shireroth as '''þin'''. In English, the voiced version of that sound also written with a '''th''', as in the pronoun "them". Shireroth, unlike English, writes these two sounds differently; if "them" were a Shireroth word, it would be written '''ðem'''.<br />
<br />
'''kx''' represents /x/, a fricative sound that is not found in English, but is found in German (as the ach-laut, the sound written "ch" in words like "acht".<br />
<br />
'''c''' and '''ç''' represent the sounds that are more traditionally written in English as '''ch''' and '''j''', IPA /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. These sounds are written in the Stops row of the table above for convenience, but they are more accurately ''affricates'', which may be thought of as sounds that are a combination of a stop and it's corresponding fricative. This use of the letters c and ç to write these sounds is precisely the opposite of how Turkish writes those same sounds (i.e. a Shireroth c corresponds to a Turkish ç, and vice-versa).<br />
<br />
'''sx''' and '''zx''' represent the sounds written in English as sh, and its voiced equivalent. The voiceless version of the sound appears in words like ship, while the voiced version is the initial sound of the second syllable in words like pleasure or leisure. <br />
<br />
'''r''' in Shireroth represents a sound not found in English, a tapped r. This sound is found in Spanish (r as opposed to rr). This sound is very similar to, but not exactly the same as, the sound of a '''t''' or '''d''' pronounced between two vowels in an unstressed syllable in American English (ex. "prattle" or "paddle").<br />
<br />
'''j''' is used, as in German, to indicate the consonant sound normally written in English as '''y''', as in "yes" or "yellow" (which a Shireroth speaker would want to write as "jes" and "jelo").<br />
<br />
'''xw''' is a voiceless w, IPA /w̥/, pronounced similarly to how some British speakers of English would pronounce the initial '''wh''' of "what" or "which" (as opposed to witch). '''w''' is the voiced version of this same sound, and is pronounced identically to the English sound written as '''w''' in words like "win" and "worry".<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding = "3" border = "1" cellspacing = "0"<br />
|- align=center<br />
!<br />
! Front<br />
! Neutral<br />
! Back<br />
<br />
|- align=center<br />
! High<br />
| y<br />
| i <br />
| u <br />
|- align=center<br />
! Mid<br />
| ö <br />
| e <br />
| o <br />
|- align=center<br />
! Low<br />
| ä <br />
| a<br />
| å<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Shireroth's vowel system cannot be understood without understanding the concept of ''vowel harmony''. Vowel harmony is a phonological process active in the language that restricts certain types of vowels from occuring together in a single word. <br />
<br />
Shireroth's vowels are divided into three classes: ''front vowels'', namely '''y''' '''ö''' and '''ä'''; ''back vowels'', '''u o''' and''' å'''; and ''neutral vowels'', '''i''' '''u''' and '''a''', for a total of nine distinct vowels in the langauge. The principle of vowel harmony states that a single word may either contain front vowels but no back vowels, or back vowels but no front vowels. The neutral vowels do not participate in vowel harmony, and may occur in all types of words.<br />
<br />
(In phonetics, the terms front, central and back are often used to describe vowels based on where in the mouth they are physically articulated. Clearly, the vowel harmony in Shireroth has its basis in the backness and frontness of the vowels, but that is not the whole story. /i/ and /e/, for instance, are phonetically front vowels just like y and ø are, but the former are not affected by vowel harmony and the latter are. The Wikipedia article on vowel harmony gives a more in-depth overview of the linguistic concept, and provides examples of it occuring in several different languages. In fact, the vowel harmony processes in Finnish are quite similar to the ones in Shireroth, owing to their similar vowel inventories.)<br />
<br />
While the writing system of English does a reasonably good job representing English's consonants in a straightforward manner, its ways of representing vowels are terrible, and there is no straightforward way of describing Shireroth's vowels in terms of written English vowels. Shireroth has exactly nine vowels written with exactly nine separate letters, and the ways that those letters are used in English should in no way influence a person trying to use them to write Shireroth.<br />
<br />
'''y''' represents a high front rounded vowel /y/, which is not found in English. This is sound of Finnish yksi, or German über, or French tu. An English speaker can produce this sound by saying the vowel of see, and then rounding their lips without otherwise changing the way the pronounce the vowel.<br />
<br />
'''ö''' represents a mid front rounded vowel /ø/, which is also not found in English, but exists in Finnish and German in words like ön and Göbbels. A speaker of English can produce this sound by pronouncing an e and rounding their lips as if they were pronouncing an '''o''' or '''u'''.<br />
<br />
'''æ''' represents a low front unrounded vowel /æ/, found in English as the vowel sound of pat or cat. The Shireroth word ræd is pronounced almost like the English word rad. In Shireroth, unlike English, this sound can occur at the end of a word. In words containing the vowel '''a''', '''æ''' is often pronounced more like an [ɛ], the sound of English "pet" or "set", to maximally distinguish it from '''a'''.<br />
<br />
'''i''' represents a high front unrounded vowel /i/ (here, "front" refers to a phonetic description of the vowel. It is not a "front" vowel for the purposes of vowel harmony). This is the sound of English "pea" or "see", only not generally pronounced as long as the English vowel would be.<br />
<br />
'''e''' represents a mid front unrounded vowel /e/ which is neutral to vowel harmony. This vowel varies between the English vowel sounds of "pen" and "pain" - and so, we might expect a speaker of Shireroth to have difficulty with those two vowel sounds in English, and mix up words like pet and pain frequently until they were more comfortable with English's different vowel system.<br />
<br />
'''a''' represents a low central unrounded vowel /a/. This vowel is not found in American English. It is somewhere between '''æ''' and '''å''' in quality, and is neutral to vowel harmony.<br />
<br />
'''u''' represents a high back rounded vowel, similar to the English sound in lewd or sue. Some dialects of English pronounce this vowel noticably forward in the mouth, and round it less. This does not happen in Shireroth - the vowel u is always pronounced in the back of the mouth with rounded lips.<br />
<br />
'''o''' represents a mid back rounded vowel, somewhat similar to the English vowel in low or sew. Note that most dialects of English tend to pronounce this sound as a diphthong, which does not occur in Shireroth.<br />
<br />
'''å''' represents a low back unrounded vowel /ɑ/. This is the vowel of "cot" and "caught" for English speakers who do not pronounce those two words differently (for instance, most English speakers in western North America).<br />
<br />
Owing to vowel harmony, there are many suffixes in Shireroth which have two different forms - one with back vowels, one with front vowels - depending on whether the word the affix is attached to has front or back vowels. For instance, the suffix marking the accusative case is -æ for words with front vowels (so the accusative of ''ræd'' is ''rædæ''), but -å for words with back vowels (so the accusative of ''sxun'' is ''sxunå''). Suffixes like these which have vowels subject to change under vowel harmony are written like this: -'''æ/å'''. <br />
<br />
Some affixes which change under vowel harmony do not have pairs of front and back vowels, but instead pairs of neutral and back vowels. For instance, the affix marking the plural accusative is '''-a/å'''. For back vowel words, this means that the plural and singular accusatives are identical: '''sxun''' (nom), '''sxunå''' (acc sg/pl). But front vowel words consequently have different singular and plural accusatives: ræd (nom), rædæ (acc sg.), ræda (acc pl.).<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
<br />
Præta nouns are declined for four cases, the nominative, accusative, genitive and prepositional. Nouns are also divided into three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, which are generally arbitrary.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Noun declension===<br />
<br />
Præta has several different declension patterns for nouns, which imperfectly align with the gender system.<br />
<br />
<br />
====-C declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is used with noun stems ending in a consonant. Almost all such nouns are masculine or neuter, but there are a few feminine ones as well.<br />
<br />
Ex. ræd, (m), "house" (front vowel harmony)<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| ræd<br />
| rædek<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| rædæ<br />
| rædæ<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| rædes<br />
| ræðez<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| ræði<br />
| ræðim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In this declension class there is a minor difference between front and back vowel harmony nouns. The accusative singular suffix is -æ/å, while the accusative plural affix is -æ/a. So, nouns with front vowel harmony have identical singular and plural accusative forms (cf. ''ræd'', which has identical singular and plural accusative forms in ''rædæ'', and ''åtol'', whose singular accusative is ''åtolå'' and whose plural accusative is ''åtola'').<br />
<br />
In this declension also note the presence of '''consonant weakening (lenition)'''. Here, the ''d'' of ''ræd'' weakens to a ð due to the presence of an ''i'' in the singular and plural prepositional, as well as in the plural genitive (this is due to a historic ''i'' which has been dropped). In general, -C class nouns ending in a stop consonant (that is, ''p b t d k g'' weaken that consonant to ''f v þ ð kx j'', respectively, in the prepositional and genitive plural cases, before adding the case ending.<br />
<br />
====-Cpal declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is made up of nouns ending in one of the consonants -c, -ç, -sx or -zx. These nouns are exclusively feminine. Historically, these nouns ended in a feminine marking suffix -i, explaining the palatalization. This class is almost entirely made of front vowel harmony nouns.<br />
<br />
ex. mec<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| mec<br />
| mecim<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| mecel<br />
| mecele<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| meces<br />
| mecez<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| meci<br />
| mecim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==== -o/ö declension ====<br />
<br />
Much like how -a is a characteristic vowel of the feminine gender in Spanish, -o/ö is the equivalent vowel in Præta. Almost all nouns ending in -o/ö are in the feminine gender, and they decline thusly.<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| læjö<br />
| læjöm<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| læje<br />
| læjem<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| læjys<br />
| læjyz<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| læji<br />
| læjim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== -u/-y declension====<br />
<br />
-u/y declension nouns are all either masculine or feminine, lacking neuters entirely. Generally, nouns ending in -y (i.e front-vowel harmony nouns) are feminine, while nouns ending -u (back-vowel harmony nouns) are masculine, but there are a few exceptions to this tendency. The presence of the -w blocks consonant lenition in the Genitive plural, but lenition still occurs in the prepositional singular and plural if the noun stem has one of the affected consonants.<br />
<br />
<br />
ex. ''jatu'', (m) sheep<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| jatu<br />
| jatwek<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| jatwel<br />
| jatwele<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| jatwes<br />
| jatwez<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| jaþi<br />
| jaþim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
ex. ''harsy'', (fem), "prostitute"<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| harsy<br />
| harswem<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| harswel<br />
| harswele<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| harswes<br />
| harswez<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| harsxi<br />
| harsxim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====-V declension====<br />
<br />
This declension class is used for nouns whose stems end in a vowel (apart from feminine -o/ö nouns and masculine -u nouns). These nouns are generally feminine, but some masculine and neuter nouns occur in this declension as well.<br />
<br />
ex. Præta (fem), "speech"<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| præta<br />
| prætan<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| prætan<br />
| prætane<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| prætanes<br />
| prætanse<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| prætani<br />
| prætanim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====-n declension====<br />
<br />
-n declension nouns are either feminine or neuter. No masculine noun may occur in this declension class. <br />
<br />
Ex. sxun (n.), "spike" (back vowel declension)<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| sxun<br />
| sxunk<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| sxunå<br />
| sxunåk<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| sxunz<br />
| sxunsk<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| sxuni<br />
| sxunim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====-t declension====<br />
<br />
This class of nouns is made up of nouns whose nominative singular ends in a -t. This class is exclusively made up of neuter nouns. While it is not always easy to determine the gender of a Præta noun by knowing it's form, any noun ending in a -t in the nominative singular can be assumed to be neuter and decline according to this pattern.<br />
<br />
<br />
Ex. ''zxelt'', "leg"<br />
{| <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| zxelt<br />
| zxelk<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| zxelæ<br />
| zxelæk<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| zxeles<br />
| zxelesk<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| zxeli<br />
| zxelim<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vocative case===<br />
<br />
Præta has a marginal vocative case, only used with personal names and some nouns used as titles (ex. king, general). The vocative is also largely restricted to polite and formal language, although some vocative constructions, especially with personal names, have a prejorative meaning. <br />
<br />
The vocative is formed very simply and regularly. For nouns whose stem ends in a consonant (i.e all nouns except neuters ending in -t), regardless of declension class, the vocative is formed by adding an -e to the noun stem. So, the vocative of ''kajsar'', "king" is ''kajsare'', "O King". Nouns whose stems end in a vowel have a vocative identical to the nominative, except for -t neuters, which drop the t. The vocative of ''sxulomåt'', "duke" (which, recall, is a neuter -t noun with a vowel stem), has a vocative identical to its own stem: ''sxulomǻ'', "O duke".<br />
<br />
===The determiner===<br />
<br />
In Præta, most modifiers come after the noun (ex. ''læjö byraza til si sxikxi'', "a long road to the city", lit. road long to the city"). However, there is a class of modifiers to the noun, termed '''determiners''', that can appear immediately before the noun. This class of determiners includes the article (''se'', "the"), numbers (''sof'', "two"; ''håpsa'', "first"), and certain quantifiers (''meci'', "every, all"; ''nul'', "no, not any").<br />
<br />
In general, only one determiner can appear in the position immediately before the noun at a time. So, in order to modify a noun with multiple determiners, one of them is placed in the initial position (generally, this is an article), and the other one is placed after the noun, just as if it were a normal adjective or other modifier. For instance, "two roads" in Præta is ''sof læjöm'', but "the two roads" is ''sum læjöm sof''. ''sof'', "two" is treated as an adjective even thought<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
<br />
Præta has nine personal pronouns:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border = "1" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "4"<br />
!<br />
!Singular<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!1st Person<br />
| æj<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
!2nd person<br />
| desæ<br />
| desæn<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd person<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Masculine<br />
| þun<br />
| senk<br />
|-<br />
|Feminine<br />
| þo<br />
| senk<br />
|-<br />
|Neuter<br />
| sxå<br />
| senk<br />
|-<br />
| Human <br />
| sen<br />
| senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Præta's 2nd person pronoun declines like a regular -æ ending noun. ''desæn'' is the regular plural of that class of nouns, and the other cases are formed regularly as well. 'Desæ' seems to be a loan from Yardistani or a closely-related langauge, explaining its regularity. The other personal pronouns seem to be native and, as might be expected, decline irregularly.<br />
<br />
The masculine, feminine and neuter third person pronouns are used only for inanimates, and agree in gender with the grammatical gender of their antecedent. Humans and some animals (generally pets, working animals, or otherwise easily-personifiable creatures) are referred to in the third person singular by a separate pronoun, ''sen''. This pronoun is historically a 3rd person '''plural''' pronoun, and its application to ''singular'' human antecedents is similar to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_they phenomenon of singular-they] in English.<br />
<br />
Præta has taken this process further than English has, however; ''sen'' is the default pronoun for referring to a human in the 3rd person singular, and ''þo'' or ''þun'' can only be used with 3rd person human antecedents to specifically call attention to their gender. ''sxå'' is never used for a human antecedent, though it is occasionally used with animals. "That man" or "that woman" would be better translations than "he" or "she" for Præta's third person gendered pronouns used with a human antecedent.<br />
<br />
As a result of its historical origin, ''sen'' has plural subject or object agreement on the verb, even when referring to a singular human antecedent, while ''þun'', ''þo'' and ''sxå'' have singular agreement. In the plural, all the 3rd person pronouns merge as ''senk'', and take plural agreement.<br />
<br />
===Pronoun Declension===<br />
<br />
====First person====<br />
<br />
{| border = "1" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "4"<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| æj<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| hån<br />
| son<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| hin<br />
| von<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| hi<br />
| vi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Second person====<br />
The second person pronoun declines like a regular -V declension noun. <br />
<br />
{| border = "1" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "4"<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| desæ<br />
| desæn<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| desæn<br />
| desæne<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| desænes<br />
| desænse<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| desæni<br />
| desænim<br />
|}<br />
===Third Person===<br />
<br />
<br />
''þun'' - third person masculine pronoun<br />
<br />
{| border = "1" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "4"<br />
|<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Nominative<br />
| þun<br />
| senk<br />
|-<br />
! Accusative<br />
| þån<br />
| sxik<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| þono<br />
| sxono<br />
|-<br />
! Prepositional<br />
| þi<br />
| sxi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verb Morphology==<br />
<br />
Præta verb morphology is something akin to Basque; that is, only a small minority of verbs are inflectable, and <br />
most inflectional information is actually expressed through periphrastic verb constructions. Præta does have some encoding of both subject and object on the verb - the subject is encoded by a relatively sparse set of personal endings (comparable to German), while the object of (transitive or benefactive) verbs is encoded by a set of prefixes. Historically, these prefixes are actually ''politeness'' prefixes, with polite forms generalized to always refer to 2nd person objects and plain forms generalized to 1st person objects (comparable to Japanese, which has, for instance, ''ageru'' for "give (to someone else)" vs. ''kureru'', "give (to me)" ).<br />
<br />
Because there are so few verbs which inflect, and because those verbs are so common, these verbs are basically irregular. But once the irregular conjugation of those few verbs is learned, every verbal construction in the language (except the simple past, which is completely regular) works the same way.<br />
<br />
Verbs also have two participles, the ''imperfect participle'' and the ''perfect participle'', as well as a general <br />
nominalized form, the ''gerund'', which fulfills many of the same roles that the infinitive and gerund (i.e. the -ing form) do in English. The citation form is actually the 3rd person singular form of the verb, rather than the infinitive as is common for romance languages. In Præta the infinitive is always formed very regularly, whereas knowing the 3rd person singular form is enough to know how to fully conjugate the verb.<br />
<br />
===Simple Past===<br />
<br />
The simple past tense is the only tense that is directly expressed on regular verbs - all other tenses are formed with inflected (and generally irregular) auxuiliary verbs (like English "is coming", "will be seeing", etc.). There are two conjugations of verbs with consonant stems, and only one conjugation for verbs with vowel stems.<br />
<br />
Vowel stem verbs: ex. ''torku'', "turn, twist", <br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| torkun<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| torku<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| torku <br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| torkult<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| torkut<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| torkut<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
Consonant stem conjugation I example: ''kart'', "to run" (front vowel), ''dång'', "to burn, set fire" (back vowel harmony)<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| karta/dånga<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| kart/dång<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| karti/dångi<br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| kartyt/dångut<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| kartyt/dångut<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| kartyt/dångut<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Consonant stem conjugation II example: ''cæzöti'', "to chase" (front harmony), ''muçuri'', "to kill" (back harmony)<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| cæzöta/muçura<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| cæzöt/muçur<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| cæzöti/muçuri<br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| cæzötit/muçurit<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| cæzötit/cæzötit<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| cæzötit/muçurit<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For vowel-stem verbs, the personal endings are: æj -n, desæ -0, þun/sxå -0, sym -lt, desæt -t, sen/senk -t. For consonant stem verbs of the first conjugation, they are: æj -a, desæ -0, þun/sxå -0, sym -yt/ut, desæt -yt/ut, sen/senk -yt/ut. Of the second conjugation, they are: æj -a, desæ -0, þun/sxå -i, sym -it, desæt -it, sen/senk -it.<br />
<br />
It is easy to tell if a consonant-stem verb is in the 1st or 2nd conjugation by knowing whether the 3rd person<br />
singular has no ending or -i, since verbs are cited by their 3rd person singular form. There is a slight possibility of confusion with vowel-stem verbs which happen to end in -i, but those are very rare.<br />
<br />
===Participle and Infinitive forms===<br />
<br />
The participle and infinitive forms are very important, because they form the basis for all the other tenses.<br />
<br />
There are two types of participle forms, the imperfect participle and the perfect participle. Different auxiliary verbs require the main verb to be in the imperfect or perfect form in order to form particular tenses. The infinitive is used with other auxiliary verbs, and is also used to form the simple nominalization of a verb (just like how in English we can say "To err is human" or "Running away from your problems is bad").<br />
<br />
The 2 types of consonant-stem conjugation don't matter for forming the infinitive and participle forms, the endings<br />
only differ between consonant-stem and vowel-stem verbs.<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
| Vowel-stem (ex. ''kartu'')<br />
| Consonant-stem (ex. ''dång'' (back vowel), ''kart'' (front vowel))<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect Participle<br />
| ''kartu-ni''<br />
| ''dång-i''<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect Participle<br />
| ''kartu-z''<br />
| ''dång-åz'' (''kart-æz'')<br />
|-<br />
! Infinitive<br />
| ''kartu-ça''<br />
| ''dång-oça'' (''kart-öça'')<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Simple Present===<br />
<br />
The simple present is formed using one of three '''auxiliary verbs''' - ''zaça'' (intransitive and 3rd person obj) ''giça'' (1st person object) and ''kuçå'' (2nd person object) - plus a '''main verb''' in its imperfect participle form. The simple present is much like the english ''be''-progressive (as in "I am seeing", "You're running", "We're playing a game") in both its meaning and the way the construction is formed - you can think of the '''imperfect participle''' as basically the same as the -ing form of an English verb, and ''zaça'', ''giça'' and ''kuçå'' as different forms of the "to be" verb.<br />
<br />
How do you decide which of the three auxiliary verbs to use? It depends on the '''object''' of the whole verb construction. Intransitive verbs (verbs without an object, like "run", "think", "fly") and verbs with a 3rd person object (like in "I'm seeing a cow", "I'm eating some pie", "You were shoving him roughly into a pile of dung") use ''zaça''. Verbs with a 2nd person object use ''kuçå'' - "I saw you in the garden", "The monster attacked you", "Don't you kill yourself!" and verbs with a 1st person object use ''giça'' ("I saw myself in the mirror", "They took us to the party"). In all cases it doesn't matter whether the object is singular or plural, only whether it is 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.<br />
<br />
As befitting very common grammatical function words, all three of these auxiliary verbs are highly irregular. Their conjugation pattern is given below. Note that the infinitive forms of these verbs are irregular - they are not predictable from knowing the form of the 3rd person singular like with most verbs, and so have to be listed separately. <br />
<br />
''zaça'', 3rd-person-objective auxiliary<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| za<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| o<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| za <br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| zån<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| zån<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| zån<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
It is very common for the form ''za æj'', "I am (doing something)" to be contracted to ''zæj''.<br />
<br />
<br />
''giça'', 1st-person-objective auxiliary<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| gel<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| gy<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| gil <br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| çi<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| çi<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| çi<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''kuçå'', 2nd-person-objective auxiliary<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=3<br />
|-<br />
! Verb form<br />
! Pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| kuz<br />
| æj<br />
|-<br />
| ke<br />
| desæ<br />
|-<br />
| kuzå<br />
| þun/sxå<br />
|-<br />
| kåz<br />
| sym<br />
|-<br />
| kåz<br />
| desæt<br />
|-<br />
| kåz<br />
| sen/senk<br />
|}<br />
<br />
It is very common for the 3rd person singular form of this verb to be reduced to ''ku'': ''ku þun'' and ''ku sxå'' instead of the full ''kuzå þun'' and ''kuzå sxå''.<br />
<br />
==Prepositions==<br />
<br />
Præta uses prepositions to indicate certain types of relationships, often spatial, between objects. Further, some verbs require complements of a prepositional phrase of a particular preposition.<br />
<br />
''að'' - translated as "of" or "from", used primarily to indicate direction from which movement has occured: ''Hjalpta æj að se ræði'', I walked '''away from''' the house.<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
Præta has Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) word order. More generally, Præta is typologically a ''head-initial language'' - that is, a language in which modifiers tend to come after the constituent they modify. So, in Præta adjectives follow nouns, genitives and relative clauses follow nouns, there are prepositions instead of postpositions, etc.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
<br />
At this time, only a very incomplete list, of course. This is mostly just to have some vocabulary to play around with when making example sentences.<br />
<br />
sxun (m. noun) spike,nail<br><br />
ræd (m. noun) house<br><br />
jor (adv) yesterday<br><br />
læjö (f. noun) road, path<br><br />
mec (f. noun) fire<br><br />
hys (f. noun) person<br><br />
måna (adj) male<br><br />
odmåna (adj) female<br><br />
pike (f. noun) sword<br><br />
traum (n. noun) journey<br><br />
sult (n. noun) ocean<br><br />
æksel (m. noun) arm, metaphorically weapon<br><br />
zxelt (n. noun) leg<br><br />
sxulomåt (n. noun) duke<br><br />
jatu (m. noun) sheep<br><br />
til (preposition) to, until<br><br />
sikx (n. noun) city<br><br />
åtol (m. noun) island<br /><br />
waçhörsy (f. noun) parliament, council<br /><br />
waçet (n. noun) country, land<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Caligaean&diff=18372Caligaean2016-04-09T23:33:20Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{language<br />
|name=Caligaean<br />
|nativename= ''kaligaiska''<br />
|familycolor=brown<br />
|nations=[[Shireroth]], [[Hurmu]]<br />
|region= Northern [[Elwynn]]<br />
|speakers=unknown<br />
|family= Hurmu Dialects<br />
|nation= dialect<br />
|agency= none }}<br />
'''Caligaean''' (''kaligaiska'') is a dialect of [[Hurmu]]. Spoken in the [[Northern Reaches]] of [[Elwynn]], at [[Cape Farewell]], it is a Nordic language with lexical influences from the different populations that have inhabited Elwynn.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]][[category:Elwynn]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Bastardized_Latin&diff=18371Bastardized Latin2016-04-09T23:33:08Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Bastardized Latin''': words that sound impressive and like they have deep meanings, but really don't. Examples are "[[Solomirathius]]", [[ab sectora condita]]", and "tetrapole", the last being in the related language of Bastardized Greek.<br />
<br />
The names of many [[Divine Census|Cedrist Gods]] are in bastardized Latin, such as [[Malarbor]], [[Viviantia]], [[Atheisticus]] and [[Finanzia]]. Others are in Bastardized Sanskrit, like [[Agni]], [[Meskan]], [[Maju]], [[Horjin]], and [[Anandja]]. As Marcus Tullus Cicero may once have said, "quidque in Latinam diceret, profundum sonuit".<br />
[[category:culture]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Laqi_Phrasebook&diff=18370Laqi Phrasebook2016-04-09T23:30:31Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>The first Laqi Phrasebook was compiled by [[Max edwards|Maksym Hadjimehmetov]] in 2007, and is still being added to. It is planned to have a full edition complete by late 2008, including most basic phrases and words needed for the visitor to the County of [[Modan-lach]], where [[Laqi]] is spoken by the overwhelming majority of the populace there.<br />
For guides on how to pronounce these phrases, see the [[Laqi| Laqi Alpabet]]<br />
<br />
==Greetings, Introductions and Civilities==<br />
<br />
*Please : Maarxamat (Often abbreviated to Mьxamat)<br />
*Please Sit Down : Sidiš, Mьxamat<br />
*Thankyou : Rөnarjat<br />
*Excuse Me : Isvәntje<br />
*Don’t Mention It : Hurun Jok<br />
*Correct : Daunxa<br />
*Good Morning : Sorjan Ҳoršij<br />
*Good Afternoon : Paslisorjan Ҳoršij<br />
*Good Evening : Gulug Ҳoršij<br />
*Good Night : Nox Ҳoršij<br />
*Good Day : Arli Ҳoršij<br />
*Hello (Formal) : Sajnbajna<br />
*Hello (Informal) : Veki<br />
*Goodbye : Aҳor <br />
*Good : Ҳoršu<br />
*OK, Fine : Taman<br />
*Do You Understand? : Amalәjoruz la?<br />
*I don’t understand Amalәjoram Jok<br />
*I understand Amalәjoram <br />
*No Jok<br />
*Yes Xaa<br />
*Sorry Hajaren<br />
*No problem Prablijm Jok<br />
*Please wait a while Zxoruz, Mьxamat<br />
*How are you? Nog Sajnaa la?<br />
*Not bad Parun Jok<br />
*Well Ҳoršam<br />
*Where are you going? Kөta Varuz Nog la?<br />
*What are you doing? Kөta Diliž Nog la?<br />
*Peace be with you Nogiv Selaam<br />
*See you tomorrow Paslьarli Vidam<br />
*I wish you a good trip Sajn Javaaraj<br />
*See you again later Vidam Spažarži<br />
*You’ve been a great help Nog Burөl<br />
*What’s your name? Kax Nog Teŋbe la?<br />
*My name is Baradarun Teŋbelөr Baradarun<br />
*Mr Smith- Ҳojon Smith<br />
*Mrs Smith- Ҳataxa Smith<br />
*Mr/Mrs Smith (esteemed) Jelьxin Smith<br />
*Smith younger (as said to a child) Jәrxәn Smith<br />
<br />
[[Category: Conlangs]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Lawbook_of_Elwynn&diff=18369Lawbook of Elwynn2016-04-09T23:29:55Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Tielion Loki Act ==<br />
<br />
=== Sole article ===<br />
The city once known as Tielion Loki shall be return to such name.<br />
<br />
== Armed Forces Act ==<br />
The Senate of Elwynn, Amokolia and Hurmu,<br />
<br />
Noting with concern moves in neighbouring Ashkenatza determined to close the legation of the Court of the Prince in Kolmenitzkiy,<br />
<br />
Regretting the change of rhetoric from Ashkenatzi officials in regards to the Elwynnese, Amokolian and Hurmu union from being expressions of friendship, trust and good neighbourliness to being expressions of sheer paranoia, a trait not usually associated with friends;<br />
<br />
Alarmed by the destabilization of the Benacian continent, particularly in Batavia, with deployment of troops from Stormark and possibly Ashkenatza and Shireroth into Batavian heartland, prompting a civil war that will have, as all wars have, disastrous outcomes;<br />
<br />
Recalling the Instrument of Government on Territorial Integrity and Mutual Respect of Borders (13 November 2011) and the Instrument of Government on Relations with Batavia and the Conflicting Fractions in Batavia (15 November 2011);<br />
<br />
Recalling the Trans-Elwynn Accords with the Republic of Ashkenatza (ratified 12 January 2011), the Act on Amokolia (24 January 2011), and the settlement on the territorial claims of the Republic of Ashkenatza on Amokolian territory;<br />
<br />
While at all times emphasizing the inviolable sovereignty of Elwynn, Amokolia and Hurmu; and<br />
<br />
Acting under the second section of the seventh article of the Consensus,<br />
<br />
Adopts:<br />
<br />
'''AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE PRINCE TO RAISE, EQUIP AND MAINTAIN ARMED FORCES'''<br />
<br />
=== Section 1 - Authorization ===<br />
<br />
1. The Senate authorizes the Prince to raise, equip and maintain armed forces in Elwynn, Amokolia and Hurmu for the defence of the Union and the promotion of peace.<br />
<br />
2. The Senate invests in the Prince the full powers pertaining to a commander in chief.<br />
<br />
=== Section 2 - Recruitment ===<br />
<br />
The act of nationals joining the armed forces of the Realm shall in times of peace always be fully voluntary.<br />
<br />
=== Section 3 - Limitations ===<br />
<br />
The Senate reaffirms its constitutional right to declare war and authorise the deployment of armed forces abroad. It shall be an offence for the Executive Branch to seek to usurp this function.<br />
<br />
<br />
Done at Eliria, 19 November 2011.<br />
<br />
== Economy and Trade Act ==<br />
<br />
The Senate, acting under the authority of the Seventh Article of the Consensus, hereby adopts<br />
<br />
'''An Act Concerning the Economy and Trade'''<br />
<br />
=== Economic systems ===<br />
<br />
1. Riqi Adurellion reaffirms its status as a signatory of the Standardised Currency and Unified Economy treaty (hereinafter "S.C.U.E."), until further notice.<br />
<br />
2. Riqi Adurellion reaffirms its use of the systems provided under S.C.U.E. with regards to banking and other ancillary services.<br />
<br />
=== Currency ===<br />
<br />
3. Riqi Adurellion shall continue to use the S.C.U.E. base currency unit, and shall do so under the name of Florin, divided into ten Florinettes or one hundred Virnes.<br />
<br />
4. Riqi Adurellion shall retain sole authority for the actual or virtual minting of Florin, Florinette and Virne coins, or the printing of equivalent promissory notes, and the respective coins shall be actually or deemed to be composed of gold, silver and bronze, as appropriate.<br />
<br />
5. The issuance of coins and promissory notes may be further regulated by Acts of Senate as required.<br />
<br />
6. Riqi Adurellion shall reserve the right to operate its own Treasury as required.<br />
<br />
=== Trade ===<br />
<br />
6. Trade may be conducted by businesses, in the form of either sole-traders, partnerships, or companies with liabilities limited by shares, at the discretion of the business founder.<br />
<br />
7. All businesses wishing to trade in or from Riqi Adurellion must register with the Ministry responsible for trade, in accordance with any additional regulations that may be issued by the relevant Minister. The Court of the Prince shall retain those responsibilities in the event that no Minister has been appointed.<br />
<br />
8. Companies with liabilities limited by shares may be further regulated by Acts of Senate as required.<br />
<br />
9. Businesses trading in similar services, commodities or goods may form associations in the form of Trade Guilds, in order to further their trades.<br />
<br />
10. Trade Guilds may be further regulated by Acts of Senate as required.<br />
<br />
== Joint-Stock Companies Act ==<br />
<br />
The Senate,<br />
<br />
acting under the seventh article of the Consensus<br />
<br />
adopts<br />
<br />
'''AN ACT REGULATING JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES'''<br />
<br />
=== Chapter 1: ===<br />
<br />
1. A joint-stock company is a private company.<br />
<br />
2. This law applies to all joint-stock companies.<br />
<br />
3. In a joint-stock company the owners are not personally liable for any company debt or other obligations.<br />
<br />
4. A joint-stock company shall have share capital. The share capital shall be at least 500 florins.<br />
<br />
5. If the share capital is divided into multiple shares, each share represents an equal part of the share capital. The stock's share of the share capital is the share's nominal value.<br />
<br />
6. A joint-stock company is the parent company, and another legal person is a subsidiary, if the joint-stock company<br />
<br />
a. controls more than half of the votes for all shares in the legal person,<br />
<br />
b. owns shares in the legal person and because of a contract with other owners control more than half of the votes for all shares,<br />
<br />
c. owns shares in the legal person and has the right to appoint or dismiss more than half of the board of directors,<br />
<br />
d. owns shares in the legal person and has the right to exercise a decisive influence over it due to a contract with the legal person or because of a clause in the articles of association of the legal person.<br />
<br />
7. A legal person is a subsidiary to the parent company, if another subsidiary to the parent company or the parent company together with one or several subsidiaries or several subsidiaries together<br />
<br />
a. control more than half of the votes for all shares in the legal person,<br />
<br />
b. own shares in the legal person and because of a contract with other owners control more than half of the votes for all shares,<br />
<br />
c. own shares in the legal person and has the right to appoint or dismiss more than half of the board of directors, <br />
<br />
d. own shares in the legal person and has the right to exercise a decisive influence over it due to a contract with the legal person or because of a clause in the articles of association of the legal person.<br />
<br />
The parent company together with subsidiaries constitute a corporate group.<br />
<br />
=== Chapter 2 ===<br />
<br />
1. A joint-stock company is founded by one or more founders. A founder shall be<br />
<br />
a. an Adurellian physical person, or<br />
<br />
b. a legal person founded according to law.<br />
<br />
2. A minor, a person involved in a bankruptcy or a person who is legally barred from operating a company may not be a founder.<br />
<br />
3. When the joint-stock company is founded, the following actions shall be taken:<br />
<br />
a. A draft for a memorandum of association shall be formed in accordance with 4.<br />
<br />
b. One or more of the founders shall assume all shares in the joint-stock company, in accordance with 7.<br />
<br />
c. The shares shall be paid to the company in accordance with 11.<br />
<br />
d. The founders shall complete, date and sign the memorandum of association.<br />
<br />
e. The board of directors shall apply for registration in accordance with 12.<br />
<br />
3. The joint-stock company is formed when the memorandum of association is signed by all founders.<br />
<br />
4. In the memorandum of association the founders shall include<br />
<br />
a. the nominal price of each share,<br />
<br />
b. the complete name and residence of each member of the board of directors,<br />
<br />
c. any special circumstances regarding the company, and<br />
<br />
d. whether anyone shall receive special rights or privileges in the company.<br />
<br />
5. The nominal price in 4 a. may not be lower than the nominal value of the share.<br />
<br />
6. The memorandum of association shall include articles of association, drafted in accordance with Chapter 3.<br />
<br />
7. The founders shall claim their shares in the memorandum of association and is binding on the claiming founder when all founders have signed the memorandum.<br />
<br />
8. If shares have been claimed with conditions not included in or incompatible with the memorandum of association, such conditions shall be considered null and void.<br />
<br />
9. No claims or challenges against the conditions in the memorandum of association may be made after the company has been registered.<br />
<br />
10. The payment for a share may not be lower than the nominal value of the share.<br />
<br />
11. The payment for a share shall be made within one week to the bank account of the joint-stock company.<br />
<br />
12. The board of directors shall register the company within two weeks after the signing of the memorandum of association.<br />
<br />
13. The company may only be registered if<br />
a. all shares have been paid by the founder or founders and the share capital corresponds to the share capital stated in the articles of association, and<br />
b. the incorporation has been conducted in accordance with law.<br />
<br />
14. If no registration is made, the formation of the company becomes null and void.<br />
<br />
=== Chapter 3: ===<br />
<br />
1. The articles of association shall include<br />
<br />
a. the legal name of the company,<br />
<br />
b. the seat of the board of directors,<br />
<br />
c. the object of the enterprise,<br />
<br />
d. the share capital, either in absolute terms or given as a range with a minimum and a maximum, where the minimum may not be lower than one-fourth of the maximum,<br />
<br />
e. the number of shares, either in absolute terms or, if the share capital is given as a range, as a range with a minimum and maximum, where the relationship between the minimum and maximum is equal to that between the minimum and maximum share capital,<br />
<br />
f. the number of directors on the board, or a range with a minimum and a maximum,<br />
<br />
g. how to call an Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and<br />
<br />
h. the financial year.<br />
<br />
2. Changes in the articles of association are made by the Meeting of Shareholders.<br />
<br />
3. Changes in the articles of association shall be registered with the relevant authorities.<br />
<br />
=== Chapter 4: ===<br />
<br />
1. All shares are equal, except as prescribed in 2.<br />
<br />
2. The articles of association may provide for different classes of shares, and must describe the nature of the difference as well as the number of each type of shares.<br />
<br />
3. No class of shares may award more than ten times the votes as any other class of shares.<br />
<br />
4. The articles of association may provide for the transformation of shares from one class to another.<br />
<br />
5. The articles of association may require the consent of the company for shares to be transferred to a new owner.<br />
<br />
6. The articles of association may provide for the right of a shareholder to buy an offered share before external buyers.<br />
<br />
7. The articles of association may provide for the right of a shareholder to buy a share purchased by an external buyer.<br />
<br />
8. All joint-stock companies shall keep a record of all shareholders, including the number of shares they hold.<br />
<br />
=== Chapter 5: ===<br />
<br />
1. The right for shareholders to control and direct the company is exercised at a Meeting of Shareholders.<br />
<br />
2. All shareholders included in the record of shareholders have a legal right to attend the Meeting of Shareholders.<br />
<br />
3. A shareholder may vote for all shares he or she owns, unless the articles of association provides otherwise.<br />
<br />
4. A Meeting of Shareholders shall be held at least once per year.<br />
<br />
5. The board of directors call meetings of shareholders, and must call all shareholders and do so at least one week prior to the meeting.<br />
<br />
6. Decisions at meetings of shareholders are made by majority vote.<br />
<br />
7. The chairman of the board of directors shall cause minutes to be held at meetings.<br />
<br />
8. The board of directors must be appointed and dismissed by the Meeting of Shareholders.<br />
<br />
9. The Meeting of Shareholders may provide for the creation of and offer of new shares, in accordance with the articles of association and other applicable laws.<br />
<br />
10. The Meeting of Shareholders may provide for the payment of dividends per share. All shareholders must be treated equally, except as provided for by the class of share they hold.<br />
<br />
=== Chapter 6: ===<br />
<br />
1. The Meeting of Shareholders can decide to put the company into liquidation.<br />
<br />
2. A decision to put the company into liquidation is valid if more than half of all votes are in favor, unless a larger majority is required in the articles of association.<br />
<br />
3. A public court shall decide to put the company into liquidation if<br />
<br />
a. it consistently does not comply with applicable rules and regulations issued by competent authorities,<br />
<br />
b. it consistently cannot pay its creditors,<br />
<br />
c. the share capital is consistently less than that required in the articles of association and the company has not rectified the situation, or<br />
<br />
d. if the articles of association prescribe that the company shall be put into liquidation if certain conditions are met and those conditions have been met.<br />
<br />
3. The company shall be put into forced immediate liquidation if the share capital is less than half of that proscribed in the articles of association.<br />
<br />
4. All liquidations shall be overseen by a court appointed administrator.<br />
<br />
5. During liquidation, any creditors shall within one week apply for compensation to the administrator. The administrator shall compensate the creditors in the following order:<br />
<br />
a. employees,<br />
<br />
b. public creditors,<br />
<br />
c. suppliers,<br />
<br />
d. other creditors,<br />
<br />
e. stock owners<br />
<br />
== Eliria Act ==<br />
<br />
The Senate of the Union<br />
<br />
adopts<br />
<br />
'''AN ACT DESIGNATING ELIRIA AS THE CAPITAL OF THE UNION'''<br />
<br />
=== Article One: The Capital of the Union State ===<br />
<br />
1.1. Eliria shall be the Capital of the Union State.<br />
<br />
1.1.1. The Capital of the Union State is the seat of legislative, executive and judicial branches of government in the Union State.<br />
<br />
1.2. The Act on the Capitals of the Realm is repealed.<br />
<br />
1.3. A ceremony for the rededication of the city of Eliria as the Capital of the Union State shall be performed by the Prince.<br />
<br />
1.3.1. The Prince shall provide the specification of this ceremony and the rites to be used therein.<br />
<br />
=== Article Two: The Consolidation Process ===<br />
<br />
2.1. Consolidation of the Capitals of the Realm into the Capital of the Union State shall take the form of two discrete phases, Commission and Collocation.<br />
<br />
2.2. The Commission Phase of Consolidation shall entail<br />
<br />
2.2.1. The appointment of a Commissioner of the Capital of the Union State, hereafter known as the Commissioner.<br />
<br />
2.2.2. The Commissioner shall conduct an assessment of the City of Eliria to make a thorough appraisal of the capacity of the City of Eliria to host ministries and other government bodies subject to consolidation;<br />
<br />
2.2.2.1. From Anun;<br />
<br />
2.2.2.1.1. The Hall of Arbitration<br />
<br />
2.2.2.1.2. The Supreme Court<br />
<br />
2.2.2.2. From Huyenkula;<br />
<br />
2.2.2.2.1.1. The Court of the Prince<br />
<br />
2.2.2.2.1.2. The Hall of Conciliation<br />
<br />
2.2.2.3. Based on that assessment the Commissioner shall identify<br />
<br />
2.2.2.3.1. Government, Commercial and Residential property within the bounds of the City of Eliria and within a 25km radius of the City which can be purchased, leased or requisitioned to provide requisite interim infrastructure for the Ministries.<br />
<br />
2.2.2.3.2. Land, whether in public or private ownership upon which prefabricated Modular Interim Infrastructure can be placed to provide overflow capacity for residential and office purposes.<br />
<br />
2.2.2.3.3. Suitable locations wherein Halls for ministries and other government or public bodies subject to consolidation may be built on a scale appropriate to the Union State.<br />
<br />
2.2.2.4. Based on identified requirements the Commissioner shall <br />
<br />
2.2.2.4.1. Be empowered to commission such maps, schematic designs, architectural drawings as he may deem appropriate.<br />
<br />
2.2.2.4.2. Liaise with the Ministry of State for Home Affairs for compensatory arrangements based on the principle of compulsory purchasing in regards to 2.2.2.3.1., 2.2.2.3.2. and 2.2.2.3.3. where contractual arrangements have been declined by parties holding ownership rights where those rights are contrary to the requirements identified by the Commissioner. <br />
<br />
2.2.2.4.3. Commission and Supervise public works that<br />
<br />
2.2.2.4.3.1. Improves the inherent utility of purchased, leased or requisitioned properties.<br />
<br />
2.2.2.4.3.2. Installs required Modular Interim Infrastructure.<br />
<br />
2.2.2.4.3.3. Builds new Halls for ministries and other government or public bodies subject to consolidation.<br />
<br />
2.2.2.4.3.4. Provides transportation, sewerage, water, gas, electricity and or any other necessary form of utility to the public works cited at 2.2.2.4.3.1., 2.2.2.4.3.2. and 2.2.2.4.3.2.<br />
<br />
2.2.2.4.4. Liaise with the Ministry of State for Home Affairs to ensure that the representation of institutions identified as being part of the Consolidation Process on all relevant government IT infrastructure including services obtained through the Bastion Union are updated to reflect the actuality of the Consolidation Process.<br />
<br />
2.2.2.4.5. Draft, validate and issue letters of credit denominated in Florins redeemable against notional goods and services within the gift of the Union State that shall be deemed to constitute payment with regards to contractual arrangements, requisitions, compensation and compulsory purchases.<br />
<br />
2.2.3. The Consolidation Phase shall be complete when the Commissioner announces that sufficient infrastructure is in place to permit the commencement of Collocation.<br />
<br />
2.2.3.1. Sufficient infrastructure need not be defined as being immediately adequate.<br />
<br />
2.2.3.2. Consolidation work continued into the Collocation Phase shall be deemed remedial and responsibility for said work shall be transferred to the appropriate government ministry or public body for whom the work is intended.<br />
<br />
2.2.4. Upon completion of the Consolidation Phase the Commissioner shall resign his powers received under this act. <br />
<br />
2.3. The Collocation Phase shall begin with the conclusion of the Consolidation Phase.<br />
<br />
2.3.1. Within forty-eight (48) hours of the conclusion of the Consolidation Phase the Ministers of State for those ministries and other government bodies subject to consolidation shall complete the collocation, which is the direct transfer, of their person and their immediate secretarial staff from the Capitals of the Realm that are to be vacated to the Capital of the Union State. <br />
<br />
2.3.2. Within thirty (30) days all remaining direct service delivery, administrative and support functions of the ministries and public bodies shall have completed collocation to the Capital of the Union State.<br />
<br />
2.3.3. Any Minister of State whose ministry or affiliated and or subordinate public body has failed to complete Collocation within the mandated time may be called before the Senate and commanded to account for his conduct.<br />
<br />
2.3.4. Ministers of State shall be responsible for the incentivisation of staff undergoing Collocation in their areas of responsibility. Incentivisation may take the form of letters of credit disbursing additional funds amounting to discretionary financial support packages for staff, gestures of grace and favour towards staff and the instilling of an appropriate work ethic that regards change as an opportunity rather than a threat.<br />
<br />
2.3.5. Staff who decline the opportunity of Collocation shall be assigned meaningful work conducive to the public good in the former Capitals of the Realm however this may be of a different nature, at a lower grade and salary than was previously enjoyed.<br />
<br />
=== Article Three: Definitions and Interpretations ===<br />
<br />
3.1. Wherever an action or item is stated as being required but is not defined within the context of the clause of the article in which it has been stated or if there is perceived to be an ambiguity as regards to the meaning of the required action or item then in the first instance clarification must be sought by written application to the Commissioner whose response shall be taken as definitive with regards to the particular point.<br />
<br />
3.2. The Commissioner may instruct the communicant to consider that there is an evident meaning which ought to be grasped and readily understood.<br />
<br />
3.2.1. Mild chastisement may be used to deter vexatious questioning providing that it does not violate the rights of the chastised as guaranteed under law.<br />
<br />
3.3. Should the response of the Commissioner be deemed insufficient for the clarification of the particular point then guidance from the Ministry of State for the Union must be sought.<br />
<br />
3.4. Further application for guidance as to definitions and interpretations may be taken to the Court of the Prince wherein a rescript responding to the specific question posed may be deemed the final definitive answer.<br />
<br />
== Flags, Emblems and Protocol Act ==<br />
<br />
ACT OF SENATE<br />
<br />
ON<br />
<br />
'''FLAGS, EMBLEMS AND ORDERS OF THE UNION'''<br />
<br />
''Adopted by the Senate on [...]''<br />
<br />
=== Chapter 1: Flags and Banners ===<br />
<br />
==== Section A: Flag of the Elwynnese Nation ====<br />
<br />
1. The flag of the Elwynnese nation remains the flag as depicted in accordance with the picture below:<br />
<br />
http://bastionunion.org/forum/download/file.php?id=187<br />
<br />
2. It shall be the right of any Elwynnese to fly the national flag in a manner of respect. <br />
<br />
3. The version of the national flag, as employed by the feudal authorities in eastern Elwynn, shall not be flown on Elwynnese territory under any circumstances. It shall be an offence to do so, liable to fine of no more than 1 000 florins or, for foreigners, exile for no more than two months.<br />
<br />
4. The Prince is authorized to issue regulations under this Act on the usage of the Elwynnese national flag.<br />
<br />
==== Section B: Flag of the Union and the Government ====<br />
<br />
1. The flag of the Elwynnese Union shall be depicted in accordance with the picture below:<br />
<br />
http://bastionunion.org/forum/download/file.php?id=186<br />
<br />
2. It shall be encouraged for all Elwynnese to employ the flag with respect wherever they are. The government, its branches and authorities, including foreign legations, shall at all times fly the flag.<br />
<br />
3. The Prince is authorized to issue regulations under this Act on the usage of the flag of the Elwynnese Union and its government.<br />
<br />
==== Section C: Flags of the Union Territories ====<br />
<br />
1. The flags of the union territories shall be defined and protected in the territories by the authorities in the union territories. <br />
<br />
2. The Prince is authorized to issue regulations on the flying of union territory flags outside the union territories.<br />
<br />
=== Chapter 2: Emblem of Elwynn ===<br />
<br />
1. The union emblem of Elwynn shall be depicted as on the picture below:<br />
<br />
http://i33.photobucket.com/albums/d93/Khan95/Alondor.png<br />
<br />
2. Unless necessary (as determined by the Prince), only the Court of the Prince, the Senate and the Court of Justice shall be authorized to employ the emblem on documents, communications, signs and other forms thereto connected. <br />
<br />
3. It shall be an offence for anyone to employ the union emblem without authorization under this Act. A person who commits the offence is liable to a fine of no more than 1000 florins or, if a foreigner, exile from the union for no more than two months.<br />
<br />
=== Chapter 3: Protocol and Orders ===<br />
<br />
==== Section A: Flag Protocol ====<br />
<br />
1. The flag of the Elwynnese Union shall be awarded the highest respect. Is there only one flag pole, no flag other than the union flag may be flown. Are there two flag poles or more, the order of precedence shall be first, the union flag, second, the national flag, third, any foreign flag, fourth, flags of the union territories in alphabetic order, fifth, flags of counties in alphabetic order, sixth, any other flag.<br />
<br />
2. The Prince is authorized to issue regulations on flag protocol.<br />
<br />
==== Section B: Orders of Elwynn ====<br />
<br />
1. The Prince appoints the members of the Order of the Dead Stag and the Order of the Silver Orchid.<br />
<br />
2. The Order of the Dead Stag shall be awarded to Elwynnese citizens for outstanding deeds in culture, media and sport.<br />
<br />
3. The Order of the Silver Orchid shall be awarded to Elwynnese citizens for outstanding deeds in governance, law and services to the Union.<br />
<br />
4. It shall be permissible for the Prince to induct foreigners into an honorary membership in the Order of the Silver Orchid in governance, law and services to the Union, provided that no more than one foreigner per princely term shall be permitted to be awarded honorary membership in the Order.<br />
<br />
5. The Prince is authorized to issue regulations on the Order of the Dead Stag and the Order of the Silver Orchid.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Princely and Noble Titles Act ==<br />
<br />
ACT OF SENATE<br />
''ON''<br />
<br />
'''THE TITLES OF THE PRINCE AND TITLES OF NOBILITY<br />
'''<br />
<br />
''Adopted by the Senate on [...]<br />
''<br />
<br />
==== Act ====<br />
<br />
1. The Prince shall have the style of ''Serene Highness''. Former princes shall be awarded the courtesy title ''Aruêr Adurellion'' (Elder of Elwynn)<br />
<br />
2. There shall be no system of nobility or royalty recognized in Elwynn, except that foreign diplomats of noble or royal dignity shall be authorized to employ those titles and styles thereto pertaining.<br />
<br />
== Maritime Sovereignty Act ==<br />
<br />
Act of the Senate<br />
<br />
ON<br />
<br />
'''MARITIME JURISDICTION AND SOVEREIGNTY'''<br />
<br />
=== Section 1 ===<br />
<br />
The maritime jurisdiction and sovereignty of the Union shall extend as far as possible as permitted under the Convention of the Micras Treaty Organization on the Law of the Seas ("Convention").<br />
<br />
=== Section 2 ===<br />
<br />
Any proposal, regardless of its origin, to amend the Convention must be approved by the Senate before binding the Union. If the Convention is amended without the Senate's approval, the Senate shall be authorized to resolve to hold the Convention unenforceable within the Union.<br />
<br />
=== Section 3 ===<br />
<br />
Any claims on the maritime jurisdiction and sovereignty that cannot be solved through dialogue or Act of the Senate shall be determined by the Court of Justice.<br />
<br />
Done at Eliria [date]<br />
<br />
== Elwynnese Nationality Act ==<br />
<br />
Act of the Senate<br />
<br />
ON<br />
<br />
'''ELWYNNESE NATIONALITY'''<br />
<br />
''adopted by the Senate and entered into the public record by the President on 21st Gevraderr, 11DA''<br />
<br />
=== CHAPTER 1: THE NATIONALITY ===<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Section 1: one nationality ====<br />
<br />
<br />
1. There is only one nationality in the Union, the Elwynnese nationality. All Elwynnese nationals have the same rights afforded them under the Charter and law. Within the law of the Union, Elwynnese nationals shall in all cases be recognized as Elwynnese nationals and as Elwynnese nationals alone.<br />
<br />
2. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to prohibit any Elwynnese national to take on nationality or citizenship of any other country, or in any other country, use that nationality or citizenship.<br />
<br />
==== Section 2: union territory citizenship ====<br />
<br />
<br />
It shall be lawful for a union territory to refer Elwynnese nationals lawfully resident in that territory as citizens of that union territory. No discrimination between citizen and non-citizen Elwynnese nationals in a union territory shall ever be permitted.<br />
<br />
=== CHAPTER 2: THE NATIONAL ===<br />
<br />
==== Section 3: recognition ====<br />
<br />
<br />
A person has his or her Elwynnese nationality recognized by:<br />
<br />
a) right of claim,<br />
<br />
b) conferment by law, or<br />
<br />
c) naturalization<br />
<br />
==== Section 4: right of claim ====<br />
<br />
Any person who has been a subject in good standing of Elwynnese law, as well as the law of any of the union territories, may claim Elwynnese nationality if he or she can make certain that he or she has been a subject in good standing of Elwynnese (or union territory) law. Such claim shall be directed to the Court of the Prince who shall approve or disprove the claim. The claimant may appeal any decision on this matter of the Court of the Prince to the Senate which shall hear the claim.<br />
<br />
==== Section 5: conferment by law ====<br />
<br />
<br />
The Senate may confer, by ways of enactment, Elwynnese nationality on persons, either individually or en masse. Conferment may also be applied on entire populations.<br />
<br />
==== Section 6: naturalization ====<br />
<br />
Any person may apply to the Court of the Prince for naturalization. Such application shall include what the Court of the Prince finds necessary to process it. The act of naturalization is effected by a recorded decision by the Court of the Prince.<br />
<br />
==== Section 7: renunciation ====<br />
<br />
Any Elwynnese national may in a public sworn statement to the Court of the Prince or the Senate renounce his or her Elwynnese nationality. Such statement shall unequivocally include renunciation and the knowledge that nationality will be lost. Renunciation is in effect upon receipt from an officer of the Court of the Prince, or in the case of the Senate, a presiding officer.<br />
<br />
=== CHAPTER 3: TRANSITORY PROVISIONS ===<br />
<br />
==== Section 8: no nationality lost ====<br />
<br />
No Elwynnese nationality shall be lost by the coming into force of this Act. Nor shall any claim to Elwynnese nationality under previous law be restricted by the coming into force of this Act.<br />
<br />
==== Section 10 (9): references to Court of the Prince ====<br />
<br />
In this Act, any reference to the Court of the Prince shall include the Prince or any person in the Court of the Prince with delegation to perform the Prince's tasks in matters relevant to this Act.<br />
<br />
==== Section 10: repeals ====<br />
<br />
The ''Act on the Nationality within the Union'' (of 7 February 2012 and as subsequently amended) shall be repealed.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Laws]][[Category:Elwynn]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Skerries_Fluster_Cluck&diff=18368Skerries Fluster Cluck2016-04-09T23:28:44Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>Otherwise known as the War of the Orchids,or the First Treesian War. It is said to be the first [[Recwar]] of the sector.<br />
<br />
Below is a biased account that the editor has scavenged from the either- <br />
<br />
''Gentlemen I present an entirely biased account of the first recwar!<br />
<br />
''The Treesian War (War of the Orchids) 5th August – 10th August 2001<br />
<br />
''The five-day conflict that raged in the Barony of Treesia and Fabon was never heralded by a declaration of war or ended by the conclusion of a general peace. Babkha’s ceasefire and withdrawal is generally regarded as the weekend the war ended. Began as a recreational war it threatened the destruction of the entire Apollo Sector under a deluge of Spam. Luckily the enlightened reason of the Babkhans and the exhaustion and despair of her enemies saw to it that mutually assured destruction never came to pass. The Zjandarian Satrap and Vizier of Defence Ataxerxes who had been wrongly imprisoned by the Baron of Treesia, the one they called Eoin, initiated the War of the Orchids. Certain that the travesty of justice that was occurring before him in the Baronial courts would result in incarceration; Ataxerxes ordered his Imperial Regiments into Treesia to secure his freedom.<br />
''<br />
''Perhaps like the Great War of 1914-18 this small incident was the pressure valve that allowed a whole series of antagonists let of steam in a mutual (and fictional) blood letting. Certainly Babkha responded with enthusiasm to the call to war. Babak Shah annexed the Barony as the Babkhan Satrapy of Fabon while the swiftly organised Babkhan Occupation Council was established to administer the rebellious territory. They remembered the words of Babak IV ‘where the flag of Kapav is raised it can never be lowered.’ In the wake of the Imperial Regiments came volunteer formations from the provinces, from Dehvaz came guardsmen and Islamic militias, from Razjania also came guardsmen steeped in a historical reputation for blood lust and sadism, and many more besides also came to the foreign shores of Treesia to learn something of the art of war on the soft skulls of their enemies. To their aid in Treesia itself came dissident Canine Liberation Front, before the Baron they had ruled Treesia, they would accept the aid of anyone who would further their hopes of a restoration. Finally was the war escalated a whole host of foreign powers came into Treesia, each hoping to settle in its blood stained forums their own disputes. Others came purely out of the prospect of loot and their fatal attraction to spam. The Soviets of the Rodina along with the Free Citizens and the Paladins came for the former reason. Istvanistanis came for the later.<br />
''<br />
''Soviet intervention had brought Babkha tantalisingly close to victory. That victory was however to prove elusive as even with the withering effect of Soviet firepower and Babkhan cold-steel upon the fanatics and Mages of Treesia and the decisive defeat of the Barons Horde over the course of three successive battles for the Knightship of Breigh there were too many partisan bands still in the field, aside from strategic landmarks ruled by the Babkhan Occupation Council and the NKVD, the countryside remained in the hands of the chaotic resistance movements and communication was only possible along newly laid railway lines held open by Babkhan Imperial siege trains and the airpower of the Rodina.<br />
<br />
''The Free Citizens, political dissidents and refugees of Soviet reforms in the Rodina attempted to halt the Red Army and NKVD incursion, the Babkhan satrap Nouradin dispatched them with a perfect sense of irony by catapulting a giant statue of Stalin into their ranks, little was heard of them after that.<br />
<br />
''Babkha and its allies used terror tactics in a despairing attempt to break the stalemate, massacres, bombings, and assassinations to list but a few of the atrocities undertaken. The Treesians were however unmoved and showed a cavalier disregard for the lives of the peasantry abandoned to the Occupation Council. The war could have continued interminably.<br />
<br />
It was not to be.<br />
''<br />
''The conflict only really ground to a halt when the fickleness of the Istvanistani was revealed. From the earliest moment in the war the fighting had spread into the diplomatic community, the fossilised Treesian satellite state of New Bruges found its embassy occupied by a Razjanian terrorist splinter group. Inspired by this the Istvanistani stormed all the remaining embassy compounds. Encouraged by the lack of resistance or interest in their antics the Istvanistanis swept through the collapsing nation, overrunning the guilds and the Coffee House – a sturdy structure which had previously survived a bungled Babkhan plot to destroy the economy when it transpired the leader of the terror cell, one Magistrate Arben, had detonated a munitions wagon against a coffee shop which no-one had ever heard of until it blew up. Under their villainous leader Stjepan, whose gender or sexuality Army Intelligence did not ever properly determine, the Istvanistani turned on all belligerents and were caught trying to drown the land in a wave of Spam.<br />
''<br />
''Repelled by this atrocity even in a war marked by a diabolical proliferation of nonsense the Babkhan Shah and the Baron reached an accommodation to end the war. The Baron thanked the Babkhans for their efforts, pardoned Ataxerxes and delivered him a honeyed ham especially for his contribution towards laying waste to the bulk of the territory. In return the Babkhans called off their punitive occupation and quietly forgot that there had ever been such things as the Occupation Council or the Satrapy of Fabon. The Babkhan army returned to their ships and sailed unheralded or celebrated under the cover of darkness. Yet still this was a famous Babkhan victory for in the days after the 10th of August cease-fire organised society had been smashed so completely observers did not note activity in the Barony until the 21st of that month. It is debateable whether Treesia will ever recover or becomes nothing but a dumping ground for that most insidious of micronational by-products; Spam!<br />
<br />
''Off those other foreign powers that had jumped into the fray for whatever reason little of note is worth recording. The Paladin Knights stormed off in a huff after being caught out in the spaming cross fire. The Soviets, departed hastily after their leader back in Kraznograd/Bristol faked his own death in an effort to revamp their ‘political simulation’ with a messianic resurrection and a clean break with micronationalism. The Free Citizens giddily accepted the yoke of Rasinate slavery, while no one showed the slightest bit of interest in what happened to Stjepan and co. The Canine rebels disappeared into ‘house-arrest’; Treesian authorities have gone to great lengths to deny the existence of special ‘shower chambers’ built underneath the series of Concentration Kennels that have sprouted up in recent months.<br />
<br />
Thus ended the War of the Orchids, an epic that will be remembered by nobody for not very long.<br />
''<br />
'''By Ardashir Khan, Friday, September 21, 2001'''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]][[Category:History]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Charter_of_the_Imperial_Republic_(pre-1653)&diff=18367Charter of the Imperial Republic (pre-1653)2016-04-09T23:27:18Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>''See also'' [[The Imperial Charter of Shireroth (pre-2012)]] ''and'' [[The Imperial Charter of Shireroth (pre-2015)]]<br />
<br />
'''The Charter of the Imperial Republic of Shireroth''' is our fundamental constitutional document. It sets out the primary organs of government and their respective competencies. Shireroth has had a constitution since at least [[Imperial Decree 2]] (2002) and a Charter since [[Imperial Decree 73]] (2003). Please see the [[History of the Charter]] for further information.<br />
<br />
The current version of the Charter was, in the form of an amendment to the previous Charter, [http://bastionunion.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=122096#p122096 passed by the Landsraad] on 4 May 2015 and [http://bastionunion.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=122314#p122314 promulgated] by [[Kaiser Verion I]] 8 May 2015.<br />
<br />
= The Charter of the Imperial Republic of Shireroth =<br />
<br />
== Article I: The Imperial Republic ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Definition ===<br />
<br />
:The Imperial Republic of Shireroth is a federation of states with the Kaiser as head of state.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: The Charter ===<br />
<br />
:The Imperial Republic is goverened in accordance with the Charter. Any law or measure that contradicts the Charter shall be held to be void.<br />
<br />
=== Section C: Territory ===<br />
<br />
#The territory of the Imperial Republic is comprised of<br><br />
#:a) Imperial States, and<br />
#:b) Imperial Dominions.<br />
# Imperial States are defined and governed in accordance with Article V of the Charter.<br />
# Imperial Dominions are territories under the direct administration of the Imperial government.<br />
<br />
=== Section D: Citizenship ===<br />
<br />
:The Imperial Republic is united by a common Shirerithian citizenship. The Imperial government grants citizenship in accordance with Imperial law. The Imperial States grant residency in accordance with state law.<br />
<br />
== Article II: The Kaiser ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Definition ===<br />
<br />
#The Kaiser, or Kaiseress if a woman, is the head of state of the Imperial Republic.<br />
#The executive power of the Imperial government is vested in the Kaiser.<br />
#The Kaiser exercises zir authority by Imperial Decree.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: Powers ===<br />
<br />
#The Kaiser may<br />
#:a) Veto legislation passed by the Landsraad.<br />
#:b) Submit an act of the Landsraad to the Imperial Judex for judicial review.<br />
#The Kaiser acts as Commander-in-Chief of the military forces of the Imperial government. In times of war, the Kaiser acts as Commander-in-Chief of all military forces within the Imperial Republic.<br />
#The Kaiser appoints the Arbiter of the Imperial Judex, subject to confirmation by the Landsraad.<br />
#The Kaiser issues Imperial Decrees with full force of law within the competence listed in Article VI, Section A.<br />
<br />
=== Section C: Succession ===<br />
<br />
#The Kaiser shall appoint zir successor from among the citizens of the Imperial Republic.<br />
#Should the Kaiser die, abdicate or be removed from the Throne without having declared a successor, the Landsraad shall immediately elect a successor for the position from among the citizens of the Imperial Republic.<br />
<br />
=== Section D: Deposition ===<br />
<br />
:The Kaiser can be deposed by a three-fourths' majority vote of the Landsraad, and the consent of a majority of the Imperial States.<br />
<br />
== Article III: The Landsraad ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Definition ===<br />
<br />
#The legislative power of the Imperial government is vested in the Landsraad.<br />
#The Landsraad is an assembly comprising all citizens of the Imperial Republic. It makes its own procedures.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: Powers ===<br />
<br />
#The Landsraad<br />
#:a) Legislates on the matters listed in Article VI, Section A,<br />
#:b) Overrides a Kaiseral veto by a vote of two-thirds' majority,<br />
#:c) Ratifies treaties with foreign powers,<br />
#:d) Approves or rejects the nominee for Arbiter.<br />
#:e) Removes the Arbiter from office by a vote of three-fourths' majority.<br />
#The Landsraad may veto or repeal Imperial Decrees issued under Article II, Section B, sub-section 4, by two thirds' majority.<br />
<br />
=== Section C: The Prætor ===<br />
<br />
#The Landsraad elects a Prætor from among its members.<br />
#The Prætor of the Landsraad shall lead and preside over the sessions of the Landsraad.<br />
<br />
== Article IV: The Imperial Judex ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Definition ===<br />
<br />
#The judicial power of the Imperial government is vested in the Imperial Judex.<br />
#The Imperial Judex is headed by the Arbiter.<br />
#The Imperial Judex is the supreme court of the Imperial Republic. It has jurisdiction within the Imperial Dominions, and is the final court of appeal for the Imperial States.<br />
#The Imperial Judex has exclusive jurisdiction over crimes against the Imperial government, including, but not limited to, treason, sedition and rebellion.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: Powers ===<br />
<br />
#The Imperial Judex may overturn any law, decree or measure of the Imperial government or of the Imperial states that is contrary to this Charter.<br />
#The Imperial Judex interprets the Charter.<br />
#Any administrative action by the Imperial government or by an Imperial State, may be appealed to the Imperial Judex if it is believed that the action violates this Charter or any other applicable law.<br />
#Disputes between Imperial States, and between one or several Imperial States and the Imperial government, shall be settled by the Imperial Judex.<br />
#The Arbiter may nominate Provosts of the Imperial Judex to act in zir stead in trials and regulations of the Imperial Judex. Provosts shall be confirmed by the Landsraad before taking office.<br />
<br />
=== Section C: Imperial Inquisition ===<br />
<br />
#There shall be established under the jurisdiction of the Imperial Judex an Imperial Inquisition. It shall investigate and prosecute cases under Imperial law.<br />
#The Kaiser appoints the members of the Imperial Inquisition.<br />
<br />
== Article V: The Imperial States ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Definition ===<br />
<br />
:Imperial States are autonomous states, governed in accordance with this Charter and local state law.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: Local Autonomy ===<br />
<br />
#Imperial States are autonomous in all matters not expressly reserved to other individuals or bodies.<br />
#Imperial States legislate on the matters listed in Article VI, Section B.<br />
<br />
=== Section C: Secession ===<br />
<br />
#In accordance with its constitution, an Imperial State may make an application to the Kaiser for independence.<br />
#The Kaiser must bring an application for independence to the Landsraad within 7 years ASC, with zir comments.<br />
#The Landsraad shall debate and vote on a notion of independence, which requires a two-thirds majority to pass.<br />
#The Kaiser shall proceed to negotiate the specifics of independence with the government of the Imperial State, including but not limited to land, money, institutional separation and basis for future diplomatic contact.<br />
#The Kaiser shall bring the negotiated specifics of independence to the Landsraad, which requires a simple majority to pass. Concurrently, the specifics of independence may require ratification in the Imperial State, in accordance with its constitution.<br />
#The Kaiser shall request public certification by the Arbiter that all constitutional requirements are met and that the specifics of independence are legal.<br />
#On receipt of public certification, the Kaiser shall decree independence with the negotiated specifics as a schedule.<br />
<br />
=== Section D: Inactive Imperial States ===<br />
<br />
:An Imperial State that shows no activity for a period of one month, shall forfeit its autonomy and statehood.<br />
<br />
=== Section E: Establishment and Disestablishment ===<br />
<br />
#New Imperial States may be established by a two-thirds majority vote of the Landsraad, and the consent of two-thirds of the existing Imperial States.<br />
#The territory for a new Imperial State may be taken from Imperial Dominions or from existing Imperial States, with the consent of those states.<br />
#An active Imperial State may only be disestablished in accordance with local state law. The land of that state shall become Imperial Dominion and any other property shall belong to the Imperial government.<br />
<br />
== Article VI: The Imperial Government and the States ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: The Competence of the Imperial Government ===<br />
<br />
#The Imperial government has exclusive jurisdiction to legislate on matters regarding<br />
#:a) War and peace,<br />
#:b) Foreign policy,<br />
#:c) International borders,<br />
#:d) National defence,<br />
#:e) National security,<br />
#:f) Currency,<br />
#:g) Interstate commerce, trade and infrastructure,<br />
#:h) Enforcement of Imperial law,<br />
#:i) Contracts,<br />
#:j) Citizenship, and<br />
#:k) The Imperial Dominions.<br />
#State legislation in these areas is superseded by Imperial law.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: The Competence of the Imperial States ===<br />
<br />
#The Imperial States have exclusive jurisdiction to legislate on matters regarding<br />
#:a) Internal organisation and administration,<br />
#:b) Culture,<br />
#:c) Local criminal law,<br />
#:d) Infrastructure,<br />
#:e) Education,<br />
#:f) Enforcement of state law,<br />
#:g) Civil defence, and<br />
#:h) Local defence.<br />
#Imperial law in these areas is superseded by state law.<br />
<br />
== Article VII: Amendment ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Amendments ===<br />
<br />
#This Charter is amended by a three fourths’ majority vote of the Landsraad and the Kaiser's promulgation of the amendment by Imperial Decree.<br />
#Articles VI and VII are only amended by a three-fourths majority vote of the Landsraad, and the consent of three-fourths of the Imperial States.<br />
#All amendments shall be recorded.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Duly adopted by the Landsraad in the year fifty-seven hundred and forty-nine and promulgated by Kaiser Verion I in the year fifty-seven hundred and fifty-four in Imperial Decree 734''<br />
<br />
= Amendment History =<br />
<br />
None.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government]][[Category:Records]][[Category:Laws]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Imperial_Charter_of_Shireroth_(pre-2015)&diff=18366The Imperial Charter of Shireroth (pre-2015)2016-04-09T23:27:05Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>''See also'' [[The Imperial Charter of Shireroth (pre-2012)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Article I: The Imperial Republic ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Definition ===<br />
<br />
The Imperial Republic of Shireroth is a federal commonwealth united under the leadership of the Kaiser.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: The Charter ===<br />
<br />
The Imperial Republic is governed in accordance with the Charter. Any law or measure that contradicts the Charter shall be held to be void.<br />
<br />
=== Section C: Territory ===<br />
<br />
1. The territory of the Imperial Republic is comprised of:<br />
<br />
a) Imperial States;<br />
<br />
b) Imperial Lands.<br />
<br />
2. Imperial States are defined and governed in accordance with Article V of the Charter.<br />
<br />
3. Imperial Lands are territories under the direct administration of the Kaiser.<br />
<br />
=== Section D: Common Citizenship ===<br />
<br />
The Imperial Republic is united by a common Shirerithian citizenship. The citizens of those states comprising the Imperial Republic shall automatically receive Shirerithian citizenship unless otherwise noted.<br />
<br />
== Article II: The Kaiser and Steward ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: The Kaiser ===<br />
<br />
1. The Kaiser, or Kaiseress if a woman, is the supreme head of the Imperial Republic.<br />
<br />
2. The Kaiser issues Imperial Decrees for:<br />
<br />
a) The direction of the foreign policy of the Imperial Republic;<br />
<br />
b) The administration of the Imperial Lands;<br />
<br />
c) The appointment and dismissal of the Ministers of the Imperial Government;<br />
<br />
d) The command of the armed forces of the Imperial Republic in zir capacity as supreme commander-in-chief.<br />
<br />
3. The Kaiser shall appoint zir successor from among the citizens of the Imperial Republic.<br />
<br />
4. Should the Kaiser die, abdicate or be removed from the Throne without having declared a successor, the Landsraad shall immediately elect a successor for the position from among the citizens of the Imperial Republic.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: The Steward ===<br />
<br />
1. The Steward of Shireroth is appointed by the Kaiser from among the citizens of the Imperial Republic.<br />
<br />
2. In the absence of the Kaiser, the Steward performs the Kaiser’s duties.<br />
<br />
3. Should there be no Steward when the Kaiser is absent or otherwise unable to perform zir duties, then the Landsraad shall immediately elect a Steward.<br />
<br />
== Article III: The Landsraad ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Establishment ===<br />
<br />
1. The Landsraad is an assembly comprising all citizens of the Imperial Republic.<br />
<br />
2. The Landsraad is governed by the Charter and by its own rules of procedure, which it determines. Should the rules of procedure contradict the Charter, then the Charter shall automatically supersede the rules of procedure.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: Powers ===<br />
<br />
1. The Landsraad:<br />
<br />
a) Legislates on matters of common concern to the Imperial States;<br />
<br />
b) Levies those taxes deemed necessary for the functioning of the Imperial Republic;<br />
<br />
c) Ratifies treaties with foreign powers.<br />
<br />
2. The Landsraad may repeal an Imperial Decree of the reigning Kaiser by a three fourths’ majority vote.<br />
<br />
=== Section C: The Prætor ===<br />
<br />
1. The Landsraad elects a Prætor from among its members. The Prætor of the Landsraad shall lead and preside over the sessions of the Landsraad.<br />
<br />
2. The Prætor shall not vote in the Landsraad unless there is a tie, in which case zie shall cast the tie-breaking vote.<br />
<br />
3. The Prætor is assisted by officers appointed by zir. These officers may lead and preside over the Landsraad in the absence of the Prætor but may not, under any circumstances, perform any of the Prætor's duties outside the Landsraad.<br />
<br />
== Article IV: The Imperial Judex ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Judicature ===<br />
<br />
The Imperial Judex is the supreme court of law of the Imperial Republic. It is charged with:<br />
<br />
a) Upholding and interpreting the Charter and the common law of Shireroth;<br />
<br />
b) Arbitrating disputes between Imperial States.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: Compatibility ===<br />
<br />
The Imperial Judex shall, upon application from an interested party, void any law or measure that violates the Charter.<br />
<br />
=== Section C: Organisation ===<br />
<br />
1. The Imperial Judex is headed by the Arbiter of the Imperial Judex. The Arbiter is nominated by the Kaiser and approved by the Landsraad.<br />
<br />
2. The Arbiter may nominate Provosts of the Imperial Judex to act in zir stead in trials and regulations of the Imperial Judex.<br />
<br />
3. The Arbiter may delegate any of zir judicial competencies to a Provost, but only the Arbiter may preside over or determine a case involving the Charter.<br />
<br />
4. In all other respects, the Imperial Judex determines its own rules of procedure.<br />
<br />
== Article V: Imperial States ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Definition ===<br />
<br />
Imperial States are sovereign states in federal union with the Imperial Republic. <br />
<br />
=== Section B: Local Sovereignty ===<br />
<br />
1. Imperial States are sovereign in all matters not expressly reserved to other individuals or bodies by the Charter.<br />
<br />
2. Imperial States make their own laws and select their own rulers from among their citizens, subject to the constraints of the Charter.<br />
<br />
3. Imperial States determine their own borders. Territorial disputes between Imperial States shall be settled by the Imperial Judex.<br />
<br />
=== Section C: Anti-Secession Law ===<br />
<br />
Imperial States may not secede or otherwise leave the Imperial Republic except by a three fourths’ majority vote of the Landsraad and with the approval of the Kaiser. Any declaration of secession that does not meet these criteria shall be held to be null and void and the offending state shall be placed under the direct rule of the Kaiser until such time as the Landsraad and Kaiser decide its final fate.<br />
<br />
=== Section D: Inactive Imperial States ===<br />
<br />
Should an Imperial State show no activity for a period of one month, then that state shall be placed under the direct rule of the Kaiser until such time as the Landsraad and Kaiser decide its final fate.<br />
<br />
=== Section E: Establishment and Disestablishment ===<br />
<br />
1. New Imperial States may be established only by a simple majority vote of the Landsraad and with the approval of the Kaiser.<br />
<br />
2. An active Imperial State may be disestablished only by its own ruler in accordance with its own laws.<br />
<br />
a) An Imperial State that chooses to disestablish itself may allocate its territory and other property to one or more existing Imperial States.<br />
<br />
b) Should an Imperial State disestablish itself without making proper legal provision for the allocation of its territory and other property, then its territory and other property shall revert to the Kaiser.<br />
<br />
3. An Imperial State that is deemed to be inactive under Section D may be disestablished by a three fourths’ majority vote of the Landsraad and with the approval of the Kaiser.<br />
<br />
=== Section F: Deposition of the Kaiser ===<br />
<br />
1. The Kaiser is lawful sovereign of the Imperial Republic of Shireroth;<br />
<br />
a) Rebellion against the person of the Kaiser is an unwarranted and unlawful act of Treason against the Imperial Republic and must be punished in accordance with Law;<br />
<br />
b) Usurpation of the Office and Title of Kaiser by a private individual without benefit of Authority is Treason against the Imperial Republic and must be punished in accordance with law.<br />
<br />
2. Where three or more Imperial States, or two-fifths of the total number of states, whichever is the larger, come together to confer and deem themselves unsatisfied with the performance of the Kaiser then they may publish a Remonstrance addressed to the Kaiser advising him of the causes of their dissatisfaction and the remedial actions necessary for their concerns to be assuaged.<br />
<br />
3. If the Kaiser makes a Rescript within forty-eight hours, that is deemed satisfactory by the Imperial States that have issued the Remonstrance then the aforesaid States must make their Submission to the Kaiser who will in return confirm them in their liberties and peace shall reign.<br />
<br />
4. Should the Kaiser make an unsatisfactory Rescript that does not satisfactorily address the concerns of the Imperial States that have issued the Remonstrance, or makes no response at all within forty-eight hours, a Council of the Heads of Imperial States, called an Extraordinary Session of the Adelsraad, shall be convened in the Imperial Capital where representatives of the Kaiser and each State may reasonably discuss the concerns of the Complaining States.<br />
<br />
5. If the the Extraordinary Session of the Adelsraad either (a) does not conclude with a simple majority decision in favour of either the Complaining States or the Kaiser, or (b) does not conclude within seventy-two hours, then the aforesaid States may declare themselves lawfully entitled to Take up Arms in the Defence of their Ancient Liberties with the objective to Rid the Kaiser of His Evil Advisers. If this occurs each Imperial State may declare whether it is For the Liberties or For the Crown;<br />
<br />
6. A state of War shall then be declared by this act and it shall last until the Capitulation of either party;<br />
<br />
a) For the Kaiser to be victorious the capital of each Imperial State that has taken up arms against him must have Capitulated; <br />
<br />
b) For the Imperial States that have Taken up Arms to be Victorious, the Kaiser must be brought to Surrender the Mango Throne in Raynor's Keep, Shirekeep.<br />
<br />
7. The Victorious Party in the War must present to the Landsraad an Act of Attainder for the deposition of the Defeated Party who will swear fealty to the new Kaiser so as to be eligible to receive a pardon and to retain their lands and titles;<br />
<br />
a) Those who refuse to swear fealty may, subject to the discretion of the Kaiser and the will of the Landsraad, forfeit their titles and liberties and have their citizenships suspended for a period of thirty days, after which their citizenships and liberties but not their titles are restored;<br />
<br />
b) No further penalties against the Defeated Party shall be permitted under Law.<br />
<br />
8. If the Kaiser is the Defeated Party in the War then the Chain or Line of Succession is deemed to be broken and the Landsraad must declare the former Kaiser deposed and elect the new Kaiser without reference to the former Line of Succession.<br />
<br />
== Article VI: Final Provisions ==<br />
<br />
=== Section A: Repeals ===<br />
<br />
This Charter replaces the previous Imperial Charter of Shireroth in its entirety, including all laws passed under that Charter.<br />
<br />
=== Section B: Amendments ===<br />
<br />
1. This Charter is amended by a three fourths’ majority vote of the Landsraad and the Kaiser's promulgation of the amendment by Imperial Decree.<br />
<br />
2. All amendments shall be recorded.<br />
<br />
==== First Amendment ====<br />
<br />
Article V of the Charter was amended on Hasanday 13 Mo'lluk 5291 by the insertion of Section F. Imperial Decree 654.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government]][[Category:Records]][[Category:Laws]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_519_4L14&diff=18365Imperial Decree 519 4L142016-04-09T23:23:16Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div> <br />
Imperial Decree 4L14<br />
<br />
Pursuant to Imperial Decree 4L2, [[Spraki Krumsson]] is granted citizenship. Moreover, his request for the County of [[Amarr]] is granted.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Loki IV]], Kaiser of Shireroth<br />
<br />
"Shireroth sumus. Tempus in parte nostrum est."<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_489&diff=18364Imperial Decree 4892016-04-09T23:23:05Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>Imperial Decree #489: Court Jester Appointment<br />
<br />
I hereby appoint Daniel Farewell as my new Court Jester.<br />
<br />
Signed,<br />
<br />
ZIN Cedris I<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_480&diff=18363Imperial Decree 4802016-04-09T23:22:55Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>Imperial Decree #480: Arbiter Daniel<br />
<br />
In the name of the Gods and Nobles of Shireroth,<br />
<br />
I hereby appoint Daniel as new Arbiter of the Imperial Judex.<br />
<br />
<br />
Signed on 4252 ASC by,<br />
Gaelen the Fourth<br />
Kaiser of Shireroth<br />
Protector of the Apollonian Heritage<br />
Ruler of Shirekeep and Skyla<br />
<br />
_________________<br />
Shireroth sumus. Tempus in parte nostrum est.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_479&diff=18362Imperial Decree 4792016-04-09T23:22:46Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>Imperial Decree #479: Assistant Minister<br />
<br />
In the name of the Gods and Nobles of Shireroth,<br />
<br />
I hereby declare that the Ministers may name one or more Assistant Ministers without interference of the Kaiser or other institutions.<br />
<br />
<br />
Signed on 4250 ASC by,<br />
Gaelen the Fourth<br />
Kaiser of Shireroth<br />
Protector of the Apollonian Heritage<br />
Ruler of Shirekeep and Skyla<br />
<br />
_________________<br />
Shireroth sumus. Tempus in parte nostrum est.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_478&diff=18361Imperial Decree 4782016-04-09T23:22:38Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>Imperial Decree #478: Steward<br />
<br />
In the name of the Gods and Nobles of Shireroth,<br />
<br />
I hereby declare that Gilles Melang is the new Steward of Shireroth.<br />
<br />
<br />
Signed on 4246 ASC by,<br />
Gaelen the Fourth<br />
Kaiser of Shireroth<br />
Protector of the Apollonian Heritage<br />
Ruler of Shirekeep and Skyla<br />
<br />
_________________<br />
Shireroth sumus. Tempus in parte nostrum est.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_372&diff=18360Imperial Decree 3722016-04-09T23:22:29Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>====Imperial Decree #372: MiniImNat and Heir to the Throne====<br />
Imperial Decree signed by [[Kaiseress Anandja I]]<br><br><br />
<br />
My dear Shirerithians, may love and happiness be with you!<br><br><br />
<br />
Due to the unfortunate absence of our dear minister Rai Avon-El, the Ministry of Immigration and Naturalization has been left unattended at this time. We have stepped in to assist, but that is not a permanent solution by any means.<br><br><br />
<br />
Therefore, I hereby appoint Oroigawa Koreyasu our Minister of Immigration and Naturalization. Lord Avon-El is thanked for his services and we hope that he will make a triumphant return to Shireroth as soon as possible.<br><br><br />
<br />
I also wish to make it clear that when I leave the Golden Mango Throne, the Kaisership shall pass to Ari Rahikkala as he is my legal heir.<br><br><br />
<br />
Signed by my hand, this Ifniday, the Eighteenth of Krondokin, 3581 ASC.<br><br><br />
<br />
_________________<br><br />
Love and Happiness,<br><br />
<br />
Kaiseress Anandja I<br><br />
Marchioness of Goldshire<br><br />
Baroness of Lakhesis<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_371&diff=18359Imperial Decree 3712016-04-09T23:22:21Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>====Imperial Decree #371: Inductions into the Mango Order====<br />
Imperial Decree signed by [[Kaiseress Anandja I]]<br><br><br />
<br />
My dear Shirerithians, may love and happiness be with you!<br><br><br />
<br />
For long and dedicated service to the Imperial Republic, in various positions and with different levels of responsibility, and for unwaivering support and love for Shireroth, I hereby induct Ari Rahikkala and Scott of Hyperborea into the Order of the Mango. They may now style themselves "Knight of the Mango".<br><br><br />
<br />
Signed by my hand, this Rasday, the Sixteenth of Krondokin, 3580 ASC.<br><br><br />
<br />
_________________<br><br />
Love and Happiness,<br><br />
<br />
Kaiseress Anandja I<br><br />
Baroness of Lakhesis<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_370&diff=18358Imperial Decree 3702016-04-09T23:21:48Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>To all Shirerithians, greetings!<br><br />
<br />
And so it comes, the first decree repeal. This is what happens, boys and girls, when you rush into things without properly thinking them over. After having heard good arguments I have decided to make a change to the new Honors system, effective immediately.<br><br />
<br />
1. C. 1. of Imperial Decree #368 changing the Orders of the Chimera and Phoenix into awards is hereby repealed. The Orders shall be inserted at the end as DB V, G. Order of the Chimera and H. Order of the Phoenix.<br><br />
<br />
Perhaps this will teach me to not mess with history too much. It also shows that even if you are an autocratic ruler, a good argument is still a good argument.<br><br />
<br />
Signed by my hand, this Hasanday, the Thirteenth of Krondokin, 3577 ASC.<br><br />
<br />
_________________<br><br />
Love and Happiness,<br><br />
<br />
Kaiseress Anandja I<br><br />
Baroness of Lakhesis<br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_369&diff=18357Imperial Decree 3692016-04-09T23:21:38Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>To all lovely citizens of Shireroth, greetings!<br><br />
<br />
I hereby happily announce the following appointments, effective immediately:<br><br />
<br />
Minister of the Exterior - Leo Dine<br><br />
<br />
The Khan of Vijayanagara is thereby dismissed from that position and thanked for his services.<br><br />
<br />
Minister of Military Affairs - The Khan of Vijayanagara<br><br />
<br />
Prodigy Almighty is thanked for his services.<br><br />
<br />
I also wish to notify the public that I will be temporarily filling in for MiniImNat Rai Avon-El during his absence.<br><br />
<br />
Signed by my hand, this Somnisday, the Twelfth of Krondokin, 3576 ASC.<br><br />
<br />
_________________<br><br />
Love and Happiness,<br><br />
<br />
Kaiseress Anandja I<br><br />
Baroness of Lakhesis<br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_368&diff=18356Imperial Decree 3682016-04-09T23:21:30Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>To all dear Shirerithians, may love and happiness forever be in your lives!<br><br />
<br />
I have thought about our system of rewards and honors. We have the lovely bounty system, managed by the MiniTrade and aimed at rewarding specific deeds and niftiness in certain areas. We also have noble and other titles, also aimed at rewarding productive citizens. However, the coffers of the government are not limitless and we cannot make titles for everyone.<br><br />
<br />
Therefore, I hereby present the new honors system for the Imperial Republic of Shireroth. It consists of two parts, orders and awards. Many of them are old, some are new and some are changed.<br><br />
<br />
'''A. Orders'''<br />
''Order of Kampioens''<br />
This order will stay the same as it is now, with the only exception being that a Prime Kampioen will be appointed, just as the law says.<br><br />
<br />
''Order of the Mango''<br />
This order is new, and will be the highest civilian order in Shireroth. It will only be awarded to long-time citizens that have an excellent performance record in their service to Shireroth. To reflect this, there will be a cap on the number of members the order can have at any one time. The order also confers knighthood.<br><br />
<br />
''Order of the Dragon''<br />
This order will still be awarded to citizens "who have been exemplary citizens or done some great act worthy of high praise". The change is that the order will be tiered, with three classes: Member, Companion and Knight, with only the last one conferring knighthood.<br><br />
<br />
''Order of the Griffin''<br />
This order will stay the same.<br><br />
<br />
'''B. Awards'''<br />
''Celestis Award''<br />
''Gold Sword''<br />
''Silver Sword''<br />
''Bronze Sword''<br />
''Red Dragon Award''<br />
''Chimera Award''<br />
The same as the Order of the Chimera, but an award instead of an order.<br />
''Phoenix Award''<br />
The same as the Order of the Phoenix, but an award instead of an order.<br><br />
<br />
Hopefully this will make the awards system more coherent and usable. Now, you might think, why isn't she amending the DecreeBook? The OUTRAGE! IMPLIED REPEAL!!<br><br />
<br />
Don't worry, here are the amendments to the DecreeBook:<br><br />
<br />
'''C.'''<br />
1. DB Chapter V, B, amend the following after 5. c.:<br><br />
<br />
6. Chimera Award<br><br />
a. The Chimera Award is given to a person who is not and never has been a citizen of any micronation, but is nevertheless deserving of praise.<br><br />
b. It may be given either to people who have helped Shireroth despite not being part of it or to macronational politicians and celebrities of whose work Shireroth strongly approves.<br><br />
<br />
7. Phoenix Award<br><br />
a. The Phoenix Award is given to a person who was once part of micronationalism but has gone on to other things, and has nothing whatsoever to do with Harry Potter.<br><br />
b. It may be given either to former Shirerithians or to former foreigners, and may be a present from the Kaiser to a citizen who emigrates after a distinguished career.<br><br />
<br />
2. Move D. Order of Kampioens to C. and C. Order of the Griffin to F.<br><br />
<br />
3. Amend new D. Order of the Mango, with the following content:<br><br />
<br />
D. Order of the Mango<br><br />
1. Definition<br><br />
a. The Order of the Mango is the highest civilian order and honor awarded in Shireroth.<br><br />
b. The Order honors long-time citizens of Shireroth that have an excellent performance record in their service to Shireroth.<br><br />
c. The Kaiser is the head of the Order, and the Order may only have five members at any one time, the Kaiser excepted.<br><br />
d. Those inducted into this order may be called a Knight of the Mango.<br><br />
<br />
4. Amend the following to E. Order of the Dragon:<br><br />
c. The Order is divided into three classes, from highest to lowest: Knight, Companion and Member. All new members are inducted into the lowest class, although there can be exceptional cases.<br><br />
d. Only members of the highest class may be called a Knight of the Dragon.<br><br />
<br />
5. Remove the current F. Order of the Chimera and G. Order of the Phoenix.<br><br />
<br />
I also encourage the Landsraad to consider adding a few more awards to the LawBook for various achievements in different areas.<br><br />
<br />
And now we come to the second part of this lengthy decree, the Honors section.<br><br />
<br />
D. The status of Imperial Decree #286 (Redoubt Campaign Medal) is somewhat in question. Is it repealed or not? I cannot find a decree to that effect (although I haven't searched my eyes out), so to be on the safe side, I hereby repeal Imperial Decree #286 regarding the Redoubt Campaign Medal in its entirety. All recipients may keep their medals unofficially though. As a compensation and more fitting award for those recipients, I hereby award the Gold Sword to the following citizens:<br><br />
<br />
* Jacobus Loki<br />
* The Khan of Vijayanagara<br />
* Erik Mortis Brookshire<br />
* Andreas The Wise<br />
* Scott of Hyperborea<br />
* Jess<br />
* Hypatias Mom<br />
* Bacchus<br />
* Jonas<br />
* Prodigy Almighty<br />
<br />
E. Now, on to the Order of the Mango. The rules regarding this order are strict and for a good reason. A person will have to be a long serving citizens of high standing and command a great deal of respect. With that in mind, and as a first induction into this new, prestigeous order, I hereby induct Erik Mortis Brookshire into the Order of the Mango. He may now call himself a Knight of the Mango. Further inductions may be forthcoming after discussions in the Imperial Advisory Council.<br><br />
<br />
F. The Order of the Dragon does have a lot of members currently. The question is, which class should they now belong to? Here is the answer:<br><br />
<br />
Knights of the Dragon<br><br />
<br />
* Erik Mortis Brookshire<br />
* Scott of Hyperborea<br />
<br />
Companions of the Order of the Dragon<br><br />
<br />
* Shyriath<br />
* Andreas the Wise<br />
<br />
Members of the Order of the Dragon<br><br />
<br />
Hesam Jayatar<br />
Lady Carol of Lumina's Light<br />
Jonas of Kildare<br />
Maksym Hadjimehmetov<br />
Oroigawa Koreyasu<br />
Mike Fors<br />
Richard Lyon<br />
''Renee Reavis''<br />
''James Raine''<br />
''Mike Kelly''<br />
''Count Greg Dean of Florencia''<br />
<br />
G. Now, finally, the question of former Steward Leo Dine. For his exceptional service to Shireroth in a difficult situation, and for unwaivering support of the Kaiser, I hereby award Leo Dine the Red Dragon Award.<br><br />
<br />
Oh, sorry, not quite done yet. I also name Greg Russell Prime Kampioen and I also repeal Imperial Decree #215.<br><br />
<br />
Signed this Somnisday, the Twelfth of Krondokin, 3576 ASC.<br><br />
<br />
_________________<br><br />
Love and Happiness,<br><br />
<br />
Kaiseress Anandja I<br><br />
Baroness of Lakhesis <br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_367&diff=18355Imperial Decree 3672016-04-09T23:21:19Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>To all dear citizens of the Imperial Republic of Shireroth, love and happiness be with you!<br><br />
<br />
The office of Arbiter has been vacant for a while, which is not good at all. The Arbiter is one of the most important offices in Shireroth, and also mandated by the Charter.<br><br />
<br />
Therefore, I am happy to announce the appointment of Bacchus to the position of Arbiter of the Imperial Judex. I am confident that he will perform his duties well and perhaps not be as uncompromising as his predecessor was.<br><br />
<br />
Signed by my hand, this Gaghday, the Eleventh of Krondokin, 3575 ASC.<br><br />
<br />
_________________<br><br />
Love and Happiness,<br><br />
<br />
Kaiseress Anandja I<br><br />
Baroness of Lakhesis<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_365&diff=18354Imperial Decree 3652016-04-09T23:21:09Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>Posted by Kaiseress Anandja I: Tue May 19, 2009 11:27 pm <br><br />
<br />
Dear citizens of Shireroth, dear Nobles, dear Ministers, greetings!<br><br />
<br />
I hereby appoint Jacobus our new Steward of Shireroth. I am convinced that he will perform his duties in a wonderful way when I am away, which will be seldom.<br><br />
<br />
Our dearly beloved subject Leo Dine has served the Imperial Republic well and will be rewarded for his service. This is in no way a punishment or consequence for any of his actions as Steward. He did his best to protect Shireroth and the law, and should be commended for his work.<br><br />
<br />
I also dismiss all members of the Imperial Advisory Council, and appoint the following:<br><br />
<br />
* Erik Mortis<br />
* Ari Rahikkala<br />
* Andreas the Wise<br />
* Scott of Hyperborea<br><br />
<br />
May the Gods bless Shireroth!<br><br />
<br />
Signed by my hand, this Homersday, the Tenth of Krondokin, 3574 ASC.<br><br />
<br />
_________________<br><br />
Love and Happiness,<br><br />
<br />
Kaiseress Anandja I<br><br />
Baroness of Lakhesis<br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_364&diff=18353Imperial Decree 3642016-04-09T23:20:58Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>Posted by Kaiser Erasmas I: Wed May 13, 2009 11:48 pm <br><br />
<br />
Just so we can get this out of the way: I hereby name Ari Rahikkala as my heir apparent.<br><br />
<br />
...Keep in mind that he's off cutting down a forest or something though, and probably won't have much to say about this until the end of the week.<br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_363&diff=18352Imperial Decree 3632016-04-09T23:20:48Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>Posted by Steward Leo Dine: Mon May 04, 2009 6:36 pm <br><br />
<br />
By the will of the Great Sheep and me,<br><br />
<br />
I the Steward of Shireroth herby intend to respond to this belligerent and impertinent act of rebellion of the County of Mirioth, Amity, and So-Sara and the Count, Gman Russell's, declaration against my person.<br><br />
<br />
All possible military forces available to Shireroth are herby conscripted to oppose any military threat that the County of Mirioth, Amity, and So-Sara may represent. Should Gman actually move against us it will be considered an act of civil war.<br><br />
<br />
So it is written so it shall be.<br><br />
By the hand of,<br><br />
<br />
_________________<br><br />
Leo Dine<br><br />
Steward of Shireroth<br><br />
Count of Wintergleam<br><br />
Baron of Nordland<br><br />
Sheep Whisperer<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriathhttps://shireroth.org/wiki/index.php?title=Imperial_Decree_362&diff=18351Imperial Decree 3622016-04-09T23:20:40Z<p>Shyriath: </p>
<hr />
<div>Posted by Steward Leo Dine: Mon May 04, 2009 3:09 am <br><br />
<br />
By the will of the great sheep and the people of Shireroth,<br><br />
<br />
In light of the vote that has recently been passed in the Landsraad and the absence of the Kaiser, I herby appoint myself Imperial Steward of Shireroth until either approved or revoked by his niftiness the current Kaiser when he returns.<br><br />
<br />
Note: Please ignore just how circular the legality backing this decree truly is...<br><br />
<br />
So it is written so shall it be done.<br><br />
By the hand of,<br><br />
<br />
_________________<br><br />
Leo Dine<br><br />
Steward of Shireroth<br><br />
Count of Wintergleam<br><br />
Baron of Nordland<br><br />
Sheep Whisperer<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imperial Decree]]</div>Shyriath